Analysis And Design of Shallow And Deep Foundations,9780471431596

Analysis And Design of Shallow And Deep Foundations

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Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780471431596
ISBN10: 0471431591
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-11-25
Publisher(s): Wiley
List Price: $217.04

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Summary

One-of-a-kind coverage on the fundamentals of foundation analysis and design Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations is a significant new resource to the engineering principles used in the analysis and design of both shallow and deep, load-bearing foundations for a variety of building and structural types. Its unique presentation focuses on new developments in computer-aided analysis and soil-structure interaction, including foundations as deformable bodies. Written by the world's leading foundation engineers, Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations covers everything from soil investigations and loading analysis to major types of foundations and construction methods. It also features: * Coverage on computer-assisted analytical methods, balanced with standard methods such as site visits and the role of engineering geology * Methods for computing the capacity and settlement of both shallow and deep foundations * Field-testing methods and sample case studies, including projects where foundations have failed, supported with analyses of the failure * CD-ROM containing demonstration versions of analytical geotechnical software from Ensoft, Inc. tailored for use by students in the classroom

Author Biography

Lymon C. Reese is Nasser I. Al Rashid Chair Emeritus and Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin. He's also a partner in the firm of Lymon C. Reese & Associates. He's the author of more than 150 technical papers and coauthor of several books, including Dynamics of Offshore Structures, Second Edition (published by Wiley).

William M. Isenhower is a project manager for Lymon C. Reese & Associates. He is a codeveloper of the LPILE plus computer program and is a registered professional engineer in Texas.

Shin-Tower Wang is President of Lymon C. Reese & Associates. He is the author or coauthor of more than thirty papers and publications on foundation engineering. He is a registered professional engineer in Texas.

Table of Contents

PREFACE xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi
SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS xxiii
1 INTRODUCTION
1(10)
1.1 Historical Use of Foundations
1(1)
1.2 Kinds of Foundations and their Uses
1(6)
1.2.1 Spread Footings and Mats
1(3)
1.2.2 Deep Foundations
4(3)
1.2.3 Hybrid Foundations
7(1)
1.3 Concepts in Design
7(3)
1.3.1 Visit the Site
7(1)
1.3.2 Obtain Information on Geology at Site
7(1)
1.3.3 Obtain Information on Magnitude and Nature of Loads on Foundation
8(1)
1.3.4 Obtain Information on Properties of Soil at Site
8(1)
1.3.5 Consider Long-Term Effects
9(1)
1.3.6 Pay Attention to Analysis
9(1)
1.3.7 Provide Recommendations for Tests of Deep Foundations
9(1)
1.3.8 Observe the Behavior of the Foundation of a Completed Structure
10(1)
Problems
10(1)
2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
11(10)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Nature of Soil Affected by Geologic Processes
12(1)
2.2.1 Nature of Transported Soil
12(2)
2.2.2 Weathering and Residual Soil
14(1)
2.2.3 Nature of Soil Affected by Volcanic Processes
14(1)
2.2.4 Nature of Glaciated Soil
15(1)
2.2.5 Karst Geology
16(1)
2.3 Available Data on Regions in the United States
16(1)
2.4 U.S. Geological Survey and State Agencies
17(1)
2.5 Examples of the Application of Engineering Geology
18(1)
2.6 Site Visit
19(1)
Problems
19(2)
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL MECHANICS
21(113)
3.1 Introduction
21(1)
3.2 Data Needed for the Design of Foundations
21(3)
3.2.1 Soil and Rock Classification
22(1)
3.2.2 Position of the Water Table
22(1)
3.2.3 Shear Strength and Density
23(1)
3.2.4 Deformability Characteristics
23(1)
3.2.5 Prediction of Changes in Conditions and the Environment
24(1)
3.3 Nature of Soil
24(13)
3.3.1 Grain-Size Distribution
24(2)
3.3.2 Types of Soil and Rock
26(1)
3.3.3 Mineralogy of Common Geologic Materials
26(4)
3.3.4 Water Content and Void Ratio
30(1)
3.3.5 Saturation of Soil
31(1)
3.3.6 Weight–Volume Relationships
31(3)
3.3.7 Atterberg Limits and the Unified Soils Classification System
34(3)
3.4 Concept of Effective Stress
37(12)
3.4.1 Laboratory Tests for Consolidation of Soils
39(3)
3.4.2 Spring and Piston Model of Consolidation
42(3)
3.4.3 Determination of Initial Total Stresses
45(2)
3.4.4 Calculation of Total and Effective Stresses
47(2)
3.4.5 The Role of Effective Stress in Soil Mechanics
49(1)
3.5 Analysis of Consolidation and Settlement
49(32)
3.5.1 Time Rates of Settlement
49(8)
3.5.2 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing
57(7)
3.5.3 The Consolidation Curve
64(3)
3.5.4 Calculation of Total Settlement
67(1)
3.5.5 Calculation of Settlement Due to Consolidation
68(1)
3.5.6 Reconstruction of the Field Consolidation Curve
69(4)
3.5.7 Effects of Sample Disturbance on Consolidation Properties
73(5)
3.5.8 Correlation of Consolidation Indices with Index Tests
78(2)
3.5.9 Comments on Accuracy of Settlement Computations
80(1)
3.6 Shear Strength of Soils
81(43)
3.6.1 Introduction
81(1)
3.6.2 Friction Between Two Surfaces in Contact
81(3)
3.6.3 Direct Shear Testing
84(1)
3.6.4 Triaxial Shear Testing
84(5)
3.6.5 Drained Triaxial Tests on Sand
89(3)
3.6.6 Triaxial Shear Testing of Saturated Clays
92(27)
3.6.7 The SHANSEP Method
119(3)
3.6.8 Other Types of Shear Testing for Soils
122(1)
3.6.9 Selection of the Appropriate Testing Method
123(1)
Problems
124(10)
4 INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS
134(24)
4.1 Introduction
134(2)
4.2 Methods of Advancing Borings
136(3)
4.2.1 Wash-Boring Technique
136(1)
4.2.2 Continuous-Flight Auger with Hollow Core
137(2)
4.3 Methods of Sampling
139(5)
4.3.1 Introduction
139(1)
4.3.2 Sampling with Thin-Walled Tubes
139(3)
4.3.3 Sampling with Thick-Walled Tubes
142(1)
4.3.4 Sampling Rock
142(2)
4.4 In Situ Testing of Soil
144(8)
4.4.1 Cone Penetrometer and Piezometer-Cone Penetrometer
144(2)
4.4.2 Vane Shear Device
146(2)
4.4.3 Pressuremeter
148(4)
4.5 Boring Report
152(1)
4.6 Subsurface Investigations for Offshore Structures
153(2)
Problems
155(3)
5 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
158(18)
5.1 Shallow Foundations
158(2)
5.2 Deep Foundations
160(12)
5.2.1 Introduction
160(1)
5.2.2 Driven Piles with Impact Hammer
160(2)
5.2.3 Drilled Shafts
162(6)
5.2.4 Augercast Piles
168(2)
5.2.5 GeoJet Piles
170(2)
5.2.6 Micropiles
172(1)
5.3 Caissons
172(1)
5.4 Hybrid Foundation
173(2)
Problems
175(1)
6 DESIGNING STABLE FOUNDATIONS
176(20)
6.1 Introduction
176(1)
6.2 Total and Differential Settlement
177(1)
6.3 Allowable Settlement of Structures
178(2)
6.3.1 Tolerance of Buildings to Settlement
178(1)
6.3.2 Exceptional Case of Settlement
178(2)
6.3.3 Problems in Proving Settlement
180(1)
6.4 Soil Investigations Appropriate to Design
180(6)
6.4.1 Planning
180(1)
6.4.2 Favorable Profiles
181(1)
6.4.3 Soils with Special Characteristics
181(1)
6.4.4 Calcareous Soil
182(4)
6.5 Use of Valid Analytical Methods
186(3)
6.5.1 Oil Tank in Norway
187(1)
6.5.2 Transcona Elevator in Canada
187(1)
6.5.3 Bearing Piles in China
188(1)
6.6 Foundations at Unstable Slopes
189(1)
6.6.1 Pendleton Levee
189(1)
6.6.2 Fort Peck Dam
190(1)
6.7 Effects of Installation on the Quality of Deep Foundations
190(2)
6.7.1 Introduction
190(2)
6.8 Effects of Installation of Deep Foundations on Nearby Structures
192(1)
6.8.1 Driving Piles
192(1)
6.9 Effects of Excavations on Nearby Structures
193(1)
6.10 Deleterious Effects of the Environment on Foundations
194(1)
6.11 Scour of Soil at Foundations
194(1)
Problems
194(2)
7 THEORIES OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT
196(27)
7.1 Introduction
196(2)
7.2 Terzaghi's Equations for Bearing Capacity
198(1)
7.3 Revised Equations for Bearing Capacity
199(1)
7.4 Extended Formulas for Bearing Capacity by J. Brinch Hansen
200(13)
7.4.1 Eccentricity
203(1)
7.4.2 Load Inclination Factors
204(1)
7.4.3 Base and Ground Inclination
205(1)
7.4.4 Shape Factors
205(1)
7.4.5 Depth Effect
206(1)
7.4.6 Depth Factors
206(2)
7.4.7 General Formulas
208(1)
7.4.8 Passive Earth Pressure
208(1)
7.4.9 Soil Parameters
209(1)
7.4.10 Example Computations
209(4)
7.5 Equations for Computing Consolidation Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Clays
213(9)
7.5.1 Introduction
213(1)
7.5.2 Prediction of Total Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table
214(5)
7.5.3 Prediction of Time Rate of Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table
219(3)
Problems
222(1)
8 PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
223(12)
8.1 Introduction
223(1)
8.2 Standards of Professional Conduct
223(1)
8.2.1 Fundamental Principles
223(1)
8.2.2 Fundamental Canons
224(1)
8.3 Design Team
224(1)
8.4 Codes and Standards
225(1)
8.5 Details of the Project
225(1)
8.6 Factor of Safety
226(4)
8.6.1 Selection of a Global Factor of Safety
228(1)
8.6.2 Selection of Partial Factors of Safety
229(1)
8.7 Design Process
230(1)
8.8 Specifications and Inspection of the Project
231(1)
8.9 Observation of the Completed Structure
232(1)
Problems
233(1)
Appendix 8.1
234(1)
9 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
235(35)
9.1 Introduction
235(1)
9.2 Problems with Subsidence
235(2)
9.3 Designs to Accommodate Construction
237(1)
9.3.1 Dewatering During Construction
237(1)
9.3.2 Dealing with Nearby Structures
237(1)
9.4 Shallow Foundations on Sand
238(9)
9.4.1 Introduction
238(1)
9.4.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand
239(5)
9.4.3 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand
244(3)
9.4.4 Design of Rafts on Sand
247(1)
9.5 Shallow Foundations on Clay
247(8)
9.5.1 Settlement from Consolidation
247(4)
9.5.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay
251(2)
9.5.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Clay
253(2)
9.5.4 Design of Rafts
255(1)
9.6 Shallow Foundations Subjected to Vibratory Loading
255(2)
9.7 Designs in Special Circumstances
257(8)
9.7.1 Freezing Weather
257(3)
9.7.2 Design of Shallow Foundations on Collapsible Soil
260(1)
9.7.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Expansive Clay
260(2)
9.7.4 Design of Shallow Foundations on Layered Soil
262(1)
9.7.5 Analysis of a Response of a Strip Footing by Finite Element Method
263(2)
Problems
265(5)
10 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DRIVEN PILES UNDER AXIAL LOADS 270(53)
10.1 Comment on the Nature of the Problem
270(3)
10.2 Methods of Computation
273(4)
10.2.1 Behavior of Axially Loaded Piles
273(2)
10.2.2 Geotechnical Capacity of Axially Loaded Piles
275(2)
10.3 Basic Equation for Computing the Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity of a Single Pile
277(20)
10.3.1 API Methods
277(7)
10.3.2 Revised Lambda Method
284(2)
10.3.3 U.S. Army Corps Method
286(5)
10.3.4 FHWA Method
291(6)
10.4 Analyzing the Load–Settlement Relationship of an Axially Loaded Pile
297(9)
10.4.1 Methods of Analysis
297(6)
10.4.2 Interpretation of Load-Settlement Curves
303(3)
10.5 Investigation of Results Based on the Proposed Computation Method
306(1)
10.6 Example Problems
307(5)
10.6.1 Skin Friction
308(4)
10.7 Analysis of Pile Driving
312(9)
10.7.1 Introduction
312(1)
10.7.2 Dynamic Formulas
313(1)
10.7.3 Reasons for the Problems with Dynamic Formulas
314(1)
10.7.4 Dynamic Analysis by the Wave Equation
315(2)
10.7.5 Effects of Pile Driving
317(3)
10.7.6 Effects of Time After Pile Driving with No Load
320(1)
Problems
321(2)
11 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DRILLED SHAFTS UNDER AXIAL LOADING 323(56)
11.1 Introduction
323(1)
11.2 Presentation of the FHWA Design Procedure
323(1)
11.2.1 Introduction
323(1)
11.3 Strength and Serviceability Requirements
324(1)
11.3.1 General Requirements
324(1)
11.3.2 Stability Analysis
324(1)
11.3.3 Strength Requirements
324(1)
11.4 Design Criteria
325(1)
11.4.1 Applicability and Deviations
325(1)
11.4.2 Loading Conditions
325(1)
11.4.3 Allowable Stresses
325(1)
11.5 General Computations for Axial Capacity of Individual Drilled Shafts
325(1)
11.6 Design Equations for Axial Capacity in Compression and in Uplift
326(51)
11.6.1 Description of Soil and Rock for Axial Capacity Computations
326(1)
11.6.2 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils
326(8)
11.6.3 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils
334(11)
11.6.4 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Intermediate Geomaterials and Jointed Rock
345(17)
11.6.5 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Intermediate Geomaterials
362(3)
11.6.6 Design for Axial Capacity in Massive Rock
365(9)
11.6.7 Addition of Side Resistance and End Bearing in Rock
374(1)
11.6.8 Commentary on Design for Axial Capacity in Karst
375(1)
11.6.9 Comparison of Results from Theory and Experiment
376(1)
Problems
377(2)
12 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS REGARDING DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNDER LATERAL LOADING 379(34)
12.1 Introduction
379(3)
12.1.1 Description of the Problem
379(1)
12.1.2 Occurrence of Piles Under Lateral Loading
379(2)
12.1.3 Historical Comment
381(1)
12.2 Derivation of the Differential Equation
382(11)
12.2.1 Solution of the Reduced Form of the Differential Equation
386(7)
12.3 Response of Soil to Lateral Loading
393(3)
12.4 Effect of the Nature of Loading on the Response of Soil
396(1)
12.5 Method of Analysis for Introductory Solutions for a Single Pile
397(4)
12.6 Example Solution Using Nondimensional Charts for Analysis of a Single Pile
401(10)
Problems
411(2)
13 ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING USING t-z MODEL 413(28)
13.1 Short-Term Settlement and Uplift
413(24)
13.1.1 Settlement and Uplift Movements
413(1)
13.1.2 Basic Equations
414(3)
13.1.3 Finite Difference Equations
417(1)
13.1.4 Load-Transfer Curves
417(1)
13.1.5 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil
418(1)
13.1.6 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesive Soil
419(2)
13.1.7 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil
421(4)
13.1.8 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesionless Soil
425(1)
13.1.9 Load-Transfer Curves for Cohesionless Intermediated Geomaterials
426(4)
13.1.10 Example Problem
430(6)
13.1.11 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Load-Transfer Versus Movement Curves
436(1)
13.2 Design for Vertical Ground Movements Due to Downdrag or Expansive Uplift
437(3)
13.2.1 Downward Movement Due to Downdrag
438(1)
13.2.2 Upward Movement Due to Expansive Uplift
439(1)
Problems
440(1)
14 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY COMPUTER OR PILES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADING 441(62)
14.1 Nature of the Comprehensive Problem
441(1)
14.2 Differential Equation for a Comprehensive Solution
442(1)
14.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Soil and Rock
443(41)
14.3.1 Introduction
443(4)
14.3.2 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Clays
447(17)
14.3.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Sands
464(9)
14.3.4 Modifications to p-y Curves for Sloping Ground
473(4)
14.3.5 Modifications for Raked (Battered Piles)
477(1)
14.3.6 Recommendations for my Curves for Rock
478(6)
14.4 Solution of the Differential Equation by Computer
484(5)
14.4.1 Introduction
484(2)
14.4.2 Formulation of the Equation by Finite Differences
486(1)
14.4.3 Equations for Boundary Conditions for Useful Solutions
487(2)
14.5 Implementation of Computer Code
489(10)
14.5.1 Selection of the Length of the Increment
490(1)
14.5.2 Safe Penetration of Pile with No Axial Load
491(1)
14.5.3 Buckling of a Pipe Extending Above the Groundline
492(1)
14.5.4 Steel Pile Supporting a Retaining Wall
492(4)
14.5.5 Drilled Shaft Supporting an Overhead Structure
496(3)
Problems
499(4)
15 ANALYSIS OF PILE GROUPS 503(34)
15.1 Introduction
503(1)
15.2 Distribution of Load to Piles in a Group: The Two-Dimensional Problem
503(7)
15.2.1 Model of the Problem
504(6)
15.2.2 Detailed Step-by-Step Solution Procedure
510(1)
15.3 Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles
510(1)
15.4 Example Solution Showing Distribution of a Load to Piles in a Two-Dimensional Group
511(6)
15.4.1 Solution by Hand Computations
511(6)
15.5 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Lateral Loading
517(10)
15.5.1 Modifying Lateral Resistance of Closely Spaced Piles
517(1)
15.5.2 Customary Methods of Adjusting Lateral Resistance for Close Spacing
518(3)
15.5.3 Adjusting for Close Spacing under Lateral Loading by Modified p-y Curves
521(6)
15.6 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Axial Loading
527(8)
15.6.1 Introduction
527(2)
15.6.2 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesionless Soils
529(2)
15.6.3 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesive Soils
531(3)
15.6.4 Concluding Comments
534(1)
Problems
535(2)
APPENDIX 537(2)
REFERENCES 539(20)
INDEX 559

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