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Abbreviations and Symbols. |
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1.2.1 Mass-Transport-Controlled Reactions. |
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1.2.1.1 Potential-Step Experiment. |
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1.2.1.2 Potential-Sweep Experiments. |
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1.2.2 Reactions Controlled by the Rate of Electron Transfer. |
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1.2.2.1 Activated Complex Theory. |
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1.3 Electrical Double Layer. |
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1.4 Electrocapillary Effect. |
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1.5 Supplementary Reading. |
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2. Study of Electrode Reactions and Interfacial Properties. |
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2.1.1 Data Interpretation. |
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2.1.1.1 Reversible Systems. |
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2.1.1.2 Irreversible and Quasi-reversible Systems. |
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2.1.2 Study of Reaction Mechanisms. |
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2.1.3 Study of Adsorption Processes. |
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2.1.4 Quantitative Applications. |
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2.2 Spectroelectrochemistry. |
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2.2.1 Experimental Arrangement. |
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2.2.2 Principles and Applications. |
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2.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence. |
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2.2.4 Optical Probing of Electrode–Solution Interfaces. |
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2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy. |
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2.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. |
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2.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy. |
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2.3.3 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. |
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2.4 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance. |
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2.5 Impedance Spectroscopy. |
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3. Controlled-Potential Techniques. |
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3.3.1 Normal-Pulse Voltammetry. |
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3.3.2 Differential-Pulse Voltammetry. |
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3.3.3 Square-Wave Voltammetry. |
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3.3.4 Staircase Voltammetry. |
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3.5.1 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. |
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3.5.2 Potentiometric Stripping Analysis. |
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3.5.3 Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry and Potentiometry. |
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3.5.4 Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry. |
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3.5.5 Abrasive Stripping Voltammetry. |
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3.6.3 Mass Transport and Current Response. |
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4. Practical Considerations. |
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4.1 Electrochemical Cells. |
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4.2 Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes. |
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4.5.1 Mercury Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.1 Rotating Disk and Rotating Ring Disk Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.2 Carbon Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.2.1 Glassy Carbon Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.2.2 Carbon Paste Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.2.3 Carbon Fiber Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.2.4 Diamond Electrodes. |
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4.5.2.3 Metal Electrodes. |
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4.5.3 Chemically Modified Electrodes. |
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4.5.3.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers. |
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4.5.3.2 Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Electrodes. |
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4.5.3.3 Sol-gel Encapsulation of Reactive Species. |
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4.5.3.4 Electrocatalytically Modified Electrodes. |
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4.5.3.5 Preconcentrating Electrodes. |
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4.5.3.6 Permselective Coatings. |
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4.5.3.7 Conducting Polymers. |
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4.5.4.1 Diffusion at Microelectrodes. |
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4.5.4.2 Microelectrode Configurations. |
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4.5.4.3 Composite Electrodes. |
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5.1 Principles of Potentiometric Measurements. |
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5.2 Ion-Selective Electrodes. |
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5.2.1.2 Glass Electrodes for Other Cations. |
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5.2.2 Liquid Membrane Electrodes. |
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5.2.2.1 Ion Exchanger Electrodes. |
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5.2.2.2 Neutral Carrier Electrodes. |
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5.2.3 Solid-State Electrodes. |
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5.2.4 Coated-Wire Electrodes and Solid-State Electrodes Without an Internal Filling Solution. |
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5.3 On-line, On-site, and In Vivo Potentiometric Measurements. |
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6. Electrochemical Sensors. |
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6.1 Electrochemical Biosensors. |
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6.1.1 Enzyme-Based Electrodes. |
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6.1.1.1 Practical and Theoretical Considerations. |
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6.1.1.2 Enzyme Electrodes of Analytical Significance. |
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6.1.1.2.1 Glucose Sensors. |
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6.1.1.2.2 Ethanol Electrodes. |
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6.1.1.2.3 Urea Electrodes. |
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6.1.1.2.4 Toxin (Enzyme Inhibition) Biosensors. |
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6.1.1.3 Tissue and Bacteria Electrodes. |
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6.1.2 Affinity Biosensors. |
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6.1.2.2 DNA Hybridization Biosensors. |
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6.1.2.2.1 Background and Principles. |
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6.1.2.2.2 Electrical Transduction of DNA Hybridization. |
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6.1.2.2.3 Other Electrochemical DNA Biosensors. |
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6.1.2.3 Receptor-Based Sensors. |
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6.1.2.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. |
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6.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Sensors. |
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6.3.1 Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors. |
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6.3.2 Microfabrication of Solid-State Sensor Assemblies. |
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6.3.3 Microfabrication Techniques. |
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6.3.4 Micromachined Analytical Microsystems. |
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