Criminal Justice in Action,9780495186861

Criminal Justice in Action

by
Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780495186861
ISBN10: 0495186864
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-01-03
Publisher(s): Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Vivid, visual, current, and featuring the newest CJ careers--every chapter of this text is a multimedia-linked study center! This best-selling text offers students a clear and practical overview of the criminal justice system by combining cutting-edge research with accessible discussions of theory and up-to-the-minute examples of policy and application from today's news. Gaines and Miller take an applied approach that is visible in their coverage of contemporary topics, such as cyber crime and terrorism, their concentration on careers, and their expansive integration of technology. Also, Criminal Justice in Action can be packaged with interactive learning aids such as the new Criminal JusticeNow'„¢--a Web-based, intelligent study system and JoinIn'„¢ content for Response Systems tailored to the text.

Table of Contents

Preface xix
PART ONE The Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice Today
2(32)
Introduction: Husbands and Lives
4(1)
What is Crime?
5(5)
The Consensus Model
6(1)
The Conflict Model
6(1)
An Integrated Definition of Crime
6(1)
Types of Crime
7(3)
The Criminal Justice System
10(8)
The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System
11(1)
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System
11(4)
The Criminal Justice Process
15(3)
Values of the Criminal Justice System
18(3)
Crime Control and Due Process: To Punish or Protect?
18(1)
Which Model Prevails Today?
19(2)
Issues in Criminal Justice Today
21(6)
Fear of Crime
22(1)
Crime and Punishment
22(1)
New Directions in Law Enforcement
23(2)
Technology: Fighting and Fueling Crime
25(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Coming to Grips with Gangs
27(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
29(4)
Chapter 1 Appendix: How to Read Case Citations and Find Court Decisions
33(1)
Causes of Crime
34(30)
Introduction: Out of the Blue
36(1)
Exploring the Causes of Crime
37(16)
Crime and Free Will: Choice Theories of Crime
37(2)
``Born Criminal'': Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
39(4)
Sociological Theories of Crime
43(3)
Family, Friends, and the Media: Social Processes of Crime
46(2)
Social Conflict Theories
48(1)
Looking Back to Childhood: Life Course Theories of Crime
49(1)
Emerging Theories in Criminology
50(3)
Victimology and Victims of Crime
53(3)
The Experience of Being a Victim
53(1)
Factors of Victimization
53(2)
Protecting Victims' Rights
55(1)
Criminology from Theory to Practice
56(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Ever-Elusive Serial Killer
58(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
60(4)
Defining and Measuring Crime
64(28)
Introduction: Taking Memos in St. Louis
66(1)
Classification of Crimes
67(4)
Civil Law and Criminal Law
67(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors
68(2)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
70(1)
The Uniform Crime Report
71(5)
The Crime Index
72(1)
Part II Offenses
73(1)
The UCR: A Flawed Method?
74(1)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
75(1)
Alternative Measuring Methods
76(4)
Victim Surveys
76(3)
Self-Reported Surveys
79(1)
Crime Trends Today
80(6)
The Countertrend in Murder Rates
80(1)
The Geography of Crime
80(1)
Illegal Drugs and Crime
81(1)
Age and Crime: The Peak Years
81(1)
Guns and Crime
82(1)
Crime, Race, and Poverty
82(3)
Women and Crime
85(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Link between Guns and Crime
86(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
88(4)
Inside Criminal Law
92(34)
Introduction: Spreading the Risk
94(1)
The Development of American Criminal Law
95(1)
The Conception of Law
95(1)
English Common Law
95(1)
Stare Decisis
96(1)
Written Sources of American Criminal Law
96(3)
Constitutional Law
97(1)
Statutory Law
97(1)
Administrative Law
98(1)
Case Law
99(1)
The Purposes of Criminal Law
99(3)
Protect and Punish: The Legal Function of the Law
99(1)
Maintain and Teach: The Social Function of the Law
99(3)
The Elements of a Crime
102(5)
Criminal Act: Actus Reus
102(1)
Mental State: Mens Rea
103(2)
Concurrence
105(1)
Causation
106(1)
Attendant Circumstances
106(1)
Harm
106(1)
Defenses Under Criminal Law
107(6)
Criminal Responsibility and the Law
107(4)
Justification Criminal Defenses and the Law
111(2)
Procedural Safeguards
113(6)
The Bill of Rights
114(2)
Due Process
116(3)
Criminal Justice in Action: Punishing Hate
119(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
121(5)
PART TWO The Police and Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement Today
126(32)
Introduction: Heroes or Bums?
128(1)
A History of the American Police
129(6)
English Roots
129(1)
The Early American Police Experience
130(1)
The Modernization of the American Police
131(2)
Returning to the Community
133(2)
Law Enforcement Agencies
135(10)
Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies
135(1)
Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement
135(1)
State Police and Highway Patrols
136(2)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
138(7)
Private Security
145(2)
Privatizing Law Enforcement
145(1)
Problems with Private Security
146(1)
The Responsibilities of the Police
147(2)
Enforcing Laws
148(1)
Providing Services
148(1)
Preventing Crime
149(1)
Preserving the Peace
149(1)
The Role of Discretion in Policing
149(3)
Justification for Police Discretion
150(1)
Making the Decision
151(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Police and Domestic Violence
152(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
154(4)
Challenges to Effective Policing
158(44)
Introduction: LAPD Blues
160(1)
Recruitment and Training: Becoming a Police Officer
161(4)
Basic Requirements
161(2)
Recruiting Members of Minority Groups and Women
163(2)
Police Organization
165(4)
The Structure of the Police Department
166(1)
Striving for Efficiency
167(2)
Refocusing on the Community
169(5)
Community Policing
169(2)
Problem-Solving Policing
171(1)
Broken Windows: Popularizing Community Policing
172(2)
Law Enforcement in the Field
174(8)
Police on Patrol: The Backbone of the Department
174(5)
Police Investigations
179(2)
The Military and Law Enforcement
181(1)
``US Versus Them'': Issues in Modern Policing
182(8)
Police Subculture
183(1)
The Physical and Mental Dangers of Police Work
184(1)
Authority and the Use of Force
184(3)
Racial and Ethnic Biases in Policing
187(1)
Police Corruption
188(1)
Police Accountability
189(1)
Police Ethics
190(3)
Ethical Dilemmas
190(1)
Elements of Ethics
191(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The DNA Revolution
193(9)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
195(7)
Police and the Constitution: The Rules of Law Enforcement
202(38)
Introduction: The Case of the Sniffing Dog
204(1)
The Fourth Amendment
205(4)
Reasonableness
205(1)
Probable Cause
206(1)
The Exclusionary Rule
207(2)
Stops and Frisks
209(2)
The Elusive Definition of Reasonable Suspicion
209(1)
A Stop
210(1)
A Frisk
211(1)
Arrests
211(3)
Elements of an Arrest
211(2)
Arrests with a Warrant
213(1)
Arrests without a Warrant
214(1)
Lawful Searches and Seizures
214(10)
The Role of Privacy in Searches
215(1)
Search and Seizure Warrants
215(2)
Searches and Seizures without a Warrant
217(2)
Searches of Automobiles
219(2)
The Plain View Doctrine
221(1)
Electronic Surveillance and the Fight against Terrorism
221(3)
The Interrogation Process and Miranda
224(6)
The Legal Basis for Miranda
224(1)
When a Miranda Warning Is Required
225(1)
When a Miranda Warning Is Not Required
225(2)
The Law Enforcement Response to Miranda
227(1)
The Future of Miranda
228(2)
The Identification Process
230(2)
Essential Procedures
230(1)
Nontestimonial Evidence
231(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: Racial Profiling and the Constitution
232(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
234(6)
PART THREE Criminal Courts
Courts and the Quest for Justice
240(32)
Introduction: Trial and Errors
242(1)
Functions of the Courts
243(1)
Due Process and Crime Control in the Courts
243(1)
The Rehabilitation Function
244(1)
The Bureaucratic Function
244(1)
The Basic Principles of the American Judicial System
244(4)
Jurisdiction
245(2)
Trial and Appellate Courts
247(1)
The Dual Court System
247(1)
State Court Systems
248(2)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
248(2)
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction
250(1)
State Courts of Appeals
250(1)
The Federal Court System
250(4)
U.S. District Courts
251(1)
U.S. Courts of Appeals
251(1)
The United States Supreme Court
252(2)
Dges in the Court System
254(8)
The Roles and Responsibilities of Trial Judges
254(1)
Selection of Judges
255(4)
Diversity on the Bench
259(1)
The Impact of Past Discrimination
260(1)
Judicial Conduct
261(1)
The Courtroom Work Group
262(4)
Members of the Courtroom Work Group
262(1)
Formation of the Courtroom Work Group
263(1)
The Judge in the Courtroom Work Group
263(1)
Assembly-Line Justice
264(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Long Arm of the Law
266(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
268(4)
Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action
272(36)
Introduction: A Fair Trade?
274(1)
The Prosecution
275(3)
The Office of the Prosecutor
275(1)
The Prosecutor as Elected Official
276(1)
The Prosecutor as Crime Fighter
277(1)
The Defense Attorney
278(4)
The Responsibilities of the Defense Attorney
279(1)
The Public Defender
280(1)
The Attorney-Client Relationship
281(1)
Truth, Victory, and the Adversary System
282(1)
Pretrial Detention
283(6)
The Purpose of Bail
284(1)
Setting Bail
284(2)
Gaining Pretrial Release
286(1)
Bail Reform and Preventive Detention
287(2)
Establishing Probable Cause
289(2)
The Preliminary Hearing
289(1)
The Grand Jury
289(2)
The Prosecutorial Screening Process
291(4)
Case Attrition
291(4)
Prosecutorial Charging and the Defense Attorney
295(1)
Pleading Guilty
295(5)
Plea Bargaining in the Criminal Justice System
295(1)
Motivations for Plea Bargaining
296(2)
Plea Bargaining and the Adversary System
298(1)
Is Plea Bargaining Inevitable?
299(1)
Going to Trial
300(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: Is Justice for Sale?
301(7)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
303(5)
The Criminal Trial
308(38)
Introduction: Same Story, Different Ending
310(1)
Special Features of Criminal Trials
311(3)
A ``Speedy'' Trial
311(2)
The Role of the Jury
313(1)
The Privilege against Self-Incrimination
313(1)
The Presumption of a Defendant's Innocence
314(1)
A Strict Standard of Proof
314(1)
Jury Selection
314(8)
Initial Steps: The Master Jury List and Venire
315(2)
Voir Dire
317(2)
Race and Gender Issues in Jury Selection
319(2)
Alternate Jurors
321(1)
The Trial
322(8)
Opening Statements
322(1)
The Role of Evidence
322(4)
The Prosecution's Case
326(1)
Cross-Examination
327(1)
Motion for a Directed Verdict
327(1)
The Defendant's Case
328(2)
Rebuttal and Surrebuttal
330(1)
Closing Arguments
330(1)
The Final Steps of the Trial and Postconviction Procedures
330(8)
Jury Instructions
330(2)
Jury Deliberation
332(1)
The Verdict
332(2)
Appeals
334(2)
Habeas Corpus
336(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Rape Shield Laws
338(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
340(6)
Punishment and Sentencing
346(42)
Introduction: Dealing with Drunk Driving
348(1)
The Purpose of Sentencing
349(3)
Retribution
349(1)
Deterrence
349(2)
Incapacitation
351(1)
Rehabilitation
351(1)
The Structure of Sentencing
352(2)
Legislative Sentencing Authority
352(2)
Judicial Sentencing Authority
354(1)
Administrative Sentencing Authority
354(1)
Individualized Justice and the Judge
354(5)
Forms of Punishment
355(1)
The Sentencing Process
356(2)
Factors of Sentencing
358(1)
Inconsistencies in Sentencing
359(2)
Sentencing Disparity
360(1)
Sentencing Discrimination
360(1)
Sentencing Reform
361(7)
Sentencing Guidelines
362(2)
Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines
364(1)
Opposition to Determinate Sentencing
365(1)
Sentencing and the Jury
366(1)
Victim Impact Evidence
367(1)
Capital Punishment--The Ultimate Sentence
368(12)
The American Tradition of Capital Punishment
369(2)
The Death Penalty and the Supreme Court
371(4)
Debating the Sentence of Death
375(3)
Discriminatory Effect and the Death Penalty
378(1)
The Immediate Future of the Death Penalty
379(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Gender Factor
380(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
382(6)
PART FOUR Corrections
Probation and Community Corrections
388(30)
Introduction: A Light Rap for 50 Cent?
390(1)
The Justification for Community Corrections
391(2)
Reintegration
391(1)
Diversion
391(2)
The ``Low-Cost Alternative''
393(1)
Probation: Doing Time in the Community
393(10)
The Roots of Probation
394(1)
Sentencing Choices and Probation
395(1)
Conditions of Probation
396(2)
The Supervisory Role of the Probation Officer
398(2)
Revocation of Probation
400(2)
Does Probation Work?
402(1)
Intermediate Sanctions
403(7)
Judicially Administered Intermediate Sanctions
404(1)
Day Reporting Centers
405(2)
Intensive Supervision Probation
407(1)
Shock Incarceration
407(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring
408(2)
Widening the Net
410(1)
The Paradox of Community Corrections
410(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Drug Courts---Rehab Revisited
412(6)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
414(4)
Prisons and Jails
418(34)
Introduction: The Largest Corrections System in the World
420(1)
A Short History of American Prisons
421(2)
Walnut Street Prison: The First Penitentiary
421(1)
The Great Penitentiary Rivalry: Pennsylvania versus New York
421(1)
The Reformers and the Progressives
422(1)
The Reassertion of Punishment
423(1)
The Prison Population Bomb
423(3)
Factors in Prison Population Growth
424(2)
The Prison Construction Boom
426(1)
The Role of Prisons in Society
426(1)
Types of Prisons
427(4)
Maximum-Security Prisons
428(2)
Medium- and Minimum-Security Prisons
430(1)
Prison Administration
431(3)
Formal Prison Management
432(1)
Informal Prison Management
433(1)
The Emergence of Private Prisons
434(3)
Why Privatize?
434(2)
The Argument against Private Prisons
436(1)
The Future of Privatization in the Corrections Industry
436(1)
Jails
437(6)
The Function of Jails
438(1)
The Jail Population
438(1)
Jail Administration
439(2)
New-Generation Jails
441(2)
The Consequences of Our High Rates of Incarceration
443(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The End of the Line---Supermax Prisons
444(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
446(6)
Behind Bars: The Life of an Inmate
452(36)
Introduction: The ``No Frills'' Movement
454(1)
Prison Culture
455(2)
Who Is in Prison?
456(1)
Adapting to Prison Society
456(1)
Prison Violence
457(4)
Violence in Prison Culture
458(1)
Riots
458(2)
Rape
460(1)
Inside a Women's Prison
461(2)
Characteristics of Female Inmates
461(1)
The Motherhood Problem
462(1)
Violence in Women's Prisons
462(1)
The Pseudo-Family
463(1)
Correctional Officers and Discipline
463(3)
Rank and Duties of Correctional Officers
464(2)
Discipline
466(1)
Protecting Prisoners' Rights
466(3)
The ``Hands-On'' Approach
467(1)
Limiting Prisoners' Rights
468(1)
Parole and Release From Prison
469(7)
Other Types of Prison Release
470(1)
Discretionary Release
471(2)
The Emergence of Mandatory Release
473(1)
Parole Supervision
474(2)
Reentry into Society
476(4)
Barriers to Reentry
476(1)
Reentry in Action
477(1)
Evaluating Reentry Programs
478(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Protecting the Community from Sex Offenders
480(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
482(6)
PART FIVE Special Issues
The Juvenile Justice System
488(36)
Introduction: Old Enough to Do the Crime . . .
490(1)
The Evolution of American Juvenile Justice
491(2)
The Child-Saving Movement
491(1)
The Illinois Juvenile Court
492(1)
Constitutional Protections and the Juvenile Court
492(1)
Determining Delinquency Today
493(3)
The Age Question
494(1)
The Competency Question
495(1)
First Contact: Delinquents and the Police
496(3)
Police Discretion and Juvenile Crime
496(2)
Juveniles and the Constitution
498(1)
Pretrial Procedures in Juvenile Justice
499(3)
Intake
499(1)
Pretrial Diversion
500(1)
Transfer to Adult Court
501(1)
Detention
502(1)
Juveniles on Trial
502(4)
Adjudication
504(1)
Disposition
504(2)
Juvenile Corrections
506(1)
Probation and Residential Treatment Programs
506(1)
Institutionalizing Juveniles
507(1)
Recent Trends in Juvenile Delinquency
507(4)
Delinquency by the Numbers
507(1)
Is Juvenile Crime Leveling Off?
508(1)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
509(2)
Factors in Juvenile Delinquency
511(4)
The Age-Crime Relationship
511(1)
Substance Abuse
512(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect
512(1)
Gangs
513(1)
Guns
514(1)
Keeping Juvenile Delinquency Under Control
515(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Bully Problem
516(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
518(6)
The Ongoing War against Illegal Drugs
524(30)
Introduction: The Meth ``Monster''
526(1)
Drugs Defined
527(3)
Types of Psychoactives
527(2)
Illicit and Licit Drugs
529(1)
Outlawing Drugs
530(3)
The Harrison Act
531(1)
The National Prohibition Act
532(1)
The Marijuana Tax Act
532(1)
The Gateway Drug
533(1)
The Abuse of Drugs
533(3)
Drug Use Examined
533(1)
Drug Addiction and Dependency
534(1)
The Drug-Crime Relationship
535(1)
Fighting the War on Drugs
536(6)
Law Enforcement Efforts
537(1)
Legislative Efforts
537(1)
Prospects for Success
538(1)
Reducing the Supply of Illegal Drugs
539(1)
Illegal Drugs and America's Inner Cities
540(2)
Alternatives to Proscription
542(3)
Legalization
542(1)
Decriminalization
543(2)
Public Support for the War on Drugs
545(1)
Criminal Justice in Action: The Global Drug War
546(8)
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
548(6)
Terrorism, Cyber Crime, and the Future
554
Introduction: Safety Checks
556(1)
Law Enforcement and the ``War'' on Terrorism
557(7)
Prosecuting Terrorism
557(1)
Preventing Terrorism
558(3)
Challenges for Local Law Enforcement
561(2)
The Role of Immigration Law
563(1)
The Double-Edged Sword: Security Versus Civil Liberties
564(7)
Rights during Wartime
564(2)
The Fourth Amendment and Monitoring Communications
566(2)
The Fifth Amendment and Indefinite Detention
568(1)
The Sixth Amendment and Trial Rights
569(1)
The Courts Respond
570(1)
Cyber Crime
571(10)
Crime and the Internet
572(1)
Cyber Crimes against Persons and Property
573(2)
Cyber Crimes in the Business World
575(3)
Cyber Crimes against the Community
578(1)
Fighting Cyber Crime
578(3)
Criminal Justice: Looking to the Future
581(5)
Reemerging Technology: The Database
582(1)
Privacy Rights and Fears
583(1)
Developments and Trends: Predictably Unpredictable
584(2)
Criminal Justice in Action: Border Insecurity
586
Chapter Summary
Stories from the Street
Key Terms
Questions for Critical Analysis
Test Preparation Online
Suggested Readings
Notes
588
Appendix A The Constitution 1(1)
Appendix B You Be the Judge: The Courts' Actual Decisions 1(1)
Appendix C Table of Cases 1(1)
Glossary 1(1)
Index 1

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