Developments In Pressure-Sensitive Products, 2nd Edition

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Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-11-02
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $374.47

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Summary

Since the first groundbreaking edition of Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products was introduced in 1998, heavy research has resulted in substantial progress in the field. Fully updated and expanded to reflect this activity, Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products, Second Edition provides a detailed overview of the entire range of pressure-sensitive products, both with and without adhesives. It explores the principles behind their design and manufacture along with a variety of applications in medicine, electronics, packaging, and protection.The book establishes the link between underlying theory and practical applications, exploring the physical, molecular, and chemical bases of PSPs while describing the manufacturing processes, end uses, and economic issues involved. This edition includes three new chapters: the first of these explains the new theory of pressure sensitivity considered as a process, illustrating the principles of polymer science governing PSP technology; the second discusses the crosslinking of acrylics, the most important domain in specialized products; and the third presents the latest developments in products based on plastomers, such as hydrogels. Additional coverage includes biological applications of PSPs, engineering problems of coating equipment, web finishing for plastic films, and confectioning.Offering cutting-edge information from the frontiers of research and industry, Developments in Pressure-Sensitive Products, Second Edition is an ideal reference to all aspects of pressure-sensitive technologies and materials.

Table of Contents

Introduction
1(4)
Istvan Benedek
Buildup and Classification of Pressure-Sensitive Products
5(50)
Istvan Benedek
Construction of Pressure-Sensitive Products
6(20)
General Buildup of Pressure-Sensitive Products
6(1)
Particular Buildup of Pressure-Sensitive Products
7(2)
Monoweb Constructions
9(1)
Uncoated Monoweb
9(4)
Coated Monoweb
13(5)
Comparison of Uncoated/Coated Monoweb Constructions
18(1)
Comparison of Coated Monoweb Constructions
18(1)
Multiweb Constructions-Laminates
19(1)
Components of Pressure-Sensitive Products
20(1)
Carrier Material
21(1)
The Role of the Carrier Material
22(2)
The Carrier as Adhesive
24(1)
Other Functions of the Carrier
24(1)
Coating Components
24(1)
Adhesive Components
24(1)
Adhesive Components
25(1)
Printing Components
26(1)
Classes of PSPs
26(29)
Labels
27(1)
Buildup and Requirements for Labels
28(1)
Face Stock Material
28(1)
Adhesives for Labels
29(1)
Release Liner for Labels
29(1)
Principle of Functioning of Labels
30(1)
Special Characteristics of Labels
30(1)
Classes of Labels
30(1)
General Labels
30(1)
Special Labels
31(1)
Tapes
32(1)
Buildup and Requirements for Tapes
33(1)
Carrier for Tapes
34(1)
Adhesives for Tapes
34(1)
Release Liner for Tapes
35(1)
Principle of Functioning of Tapes
35(1)
Special Characteristics of Tapes
35(1)
Classes of Tapes
36(1)
General Tapes
36(2)
Special Tapes
38(2)
Protective Films
40(2)
Buildup and Requirements for Protective Films
42(2)
Carrier for Protective Films
44(1)
Adhesives for Protective Films
44(1)
Release Liner for Protective Films
45(1)
Principle of Functioning of Protective Films
45(1)
The Self-Adhesive Character
46(1)
Removability of Protective Films
47(1)
Special Characteristics of Protective Films
47(1)
Classes of Protective Films
47(2)
Other Products
49(1)
References
49(6)
Physical Basis of Pressure-Sensitive Products
55(64)
Istvan Benedek
Rheology of PSPs
56(36)
Rheology of Carrier Material
58(2)
Solid-State Rheology
60(2)
Cold Flow and Self-Adhesion
62(3)
Elasticity
65(1)
Ordered/Reinforced Systems
66(1)
Molten-State Rheology
67(1)
Destruction of Ordered Structures
67(1)
Polymer Blends
68(1)
Rheology of Adhesives
69(1)
Rheology of Coated Adhesive
69(1)
Rheological Parameters
69(7)
Rheology of Reinforced Systems
76(1)
Rheology-Adhesive Characteristics
76(1)
Rheology during Processing
77(1)
Energetical Aspects
78(2)
Rheology of Abhesive
80(1)
Product Rheology
80(1)
Rheology of Labels
80(1)
Rheology of Tapes
81(1)
Rheology of Protective and Special Films
81(5)
General Considerations
86(3)
Advances in Adhesive Rheology
89(3)
Mechanical Properties of PSPs
92(15)
Rheological Background of the Mechanical Properties of PSPs
92(1)
Structural Background of Mechanical Properties
93(1)
Molecular Order-Mechanical Characteristics
94(2)
Mechanical Properties-Adhesive Performance
96(1)
Main Mechanical Performances
96(1)
Tensile Strength
97(5)
Tear Strength Properties
102(1)
Surface Tear Strength
102(1)
Bulk Tear Strength
102(1)
Impact Properties
103(1)
Stiffness
103(3)
Regulating the Mechanical Properties of PSPs
106(1)
Regulating Mechanical Properties by Formulation
107(1)
Regulating Mechanical Properties by Geometry
107(1)
Regulating Mechanical Properties by Manufacture
107(1)
The Influence of the Mechanical Properties on Other Performance Characteristics of PSPs
107(1)
Other Physical Characteristics of PSPs
107(12)
Electrical Characteristics of PSPs
108(1)
Antistatic Performance-Surface Resistivity
108(1)
Electrical Conductivity
109(1)
Optical Characteristics of PSPs
110(1)
References
110(9)
Molecular Fundamentals of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion
119(26)
Mikhail M. Feldstein
Poly(N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone) [PVP] --- Poly(Ethylene Glycol) [PEG] Blends as Model PSAs
120(1)
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion as Material Property
121(12)
Interrelationship between Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of PSAs
122(3)
Toward Molecular Nature of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion
125(2)
Physical Significance of the Dahlquist Criterion of Tack
127(2)
PVP--PEG Blends vs. Hydrophobic Adhesives
129(1)
Relation of Adhesion to Phase State and Molecular Structure of PVP--PEG Complex
130(3)
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion as a Process
133(12)
Rheological Properties of PVP--PEG PSA under Conditions Modeling Adhesive Bonding
134(3)
Relaxation Criteria for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesion
137(1)
Behavior of PSA in the Course of the Debonding Process
138(3)
References
141(4)
Chemical Basis of Pressure-Sensitive Products
145(80)
Istvan Benedek
Macromolecular Basis and Chemical Composition of Carrier Material
147(13)
General Considerations
148(1)
Parameters of Molecular Construction
149(1)
Monomers
149(1)
Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
150(1)
Branching
151(1)
Segregation
151(1)
Crystallinity
151(2)
Other Structures
153(1)
Nonadhesive Carrier Material
153(1)
Paper-Based Carrier
153(1)
Polymeric Carrier Materials
154(1)
Homogeneous Plastic Carrier Materials
154(3)
Heterogeneous Plastic Films
157(1)
Carrier Materials with Adhesivity
157(1)
Nonpolar Carrier Materials
158(1)
Polar Carrier Materials
158(1)
Ethylene Copolymers
158(2)
Macromolecular Basis and Chemical Composition of the Adhesive
160(47)
Elastomeric Components
160(1)
Molecular Weight
161(1)
The Role of Molecular Weight
161(2)
Postregulating the Molecular Weight
163(1)
Polymacromerization and Polysegregation
164(1)
Buildup of Segregated Structures
164(4)
Polymacromerization
168(3)
Natural Elastomers
171(1)
Synthetic Elastomers
172(1)
Butene Polymers
172(1)
Diene Copolymers
173(1)
Styrene--Butadiene Random Copolymers
173(1)
Styrene Block Copolymers
174(5)
Polyacrylate Rubbers
179(2)
Acrylic Block Copolymers
181(1)
Silicones
182(1)
Polyurethanes
182(1)
Propylene Copolymers
183(1)
Polyesters
184(1)
Viscoelastic Components
185(1)
Acrylic Copolymers
185(5)
Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
190(2)
Polyvinyl Ethers
192(1)
Viscous Components
192(1)
Tackifiers
192(1)
Resins
193(1)
Plasticizers
194(1)
Plastomers
195(1)
Other Components
195(1)
Final Constituents
196(1)
Solubilizers
196(1)
Fillers (Pigments and Extenders)
196(4)
Antioxidants
200(1)
Antistatic Agents
201(1)
Antiblocking Agents
202(1)
Slip Agents
203(1)
Printing Inks
203(2)
Technological Additives
205(1)
Solvents
205(1)
Primers
206(1)
Macromolecular Basis and Chemical Composition of the Abhesive
207(18)
Coated Adhesive Components
207(1)
Nonsilicone Release Agents
207(2)
Silicone Release Agents
209(1)
Built-In Abhesive Components
210(1)
References
211(14)
Developments in Crosslinking of Solvent-Based Acrylics
225(48)
Zbigniew Czech
Conventional Crosslinking of Solvent-Based Acrylic PSAs
226(24)
Crosslinking of Acrylic PSAs by Crosslinking Monomers
227(2)
Crosslinking Agents
229(1)
Metal Acidesters
229(1)
Metal Chelates
230(1)
Addition of Metal Chelates during the Polymerization
231(1)
Addition of Metal Chelates after the Polymerization
231(5)
Multifunctional Isocyanates
236(3)
Polycarbodiimides
239(1)
Multifunctional Propylene Imines
239(8)
Amino Resins
247(3)
Photocrosslinking of Solvent-Based Acrylic PSAs
250(14)
UV-Light
251(1)
UV-Lamps (Spectral)
251(1)
UV-Laser (Monochromatic)
251(1)
Photoinitiators
252(1)
Photoinitiators of Type I (α-Cleavage Photoinitiators)
252(1)
Photoinitiators of Type II (Hydrogen Atom Abstracting Photoinitiators)
252(1)
Multifunctional Conventional Photoinitiators
252(1)
Photosensitive Crosslinking Agents
253(3)
Unsaturated Copolymerizable Photoinitiators
256(5)
Crosslinking Mechanism of UV-Crosslinkable Acrylic PSAs
261(1)
Photoinitiators Suitable for Addition
261(2)
UV-Initiated Crosslinking of Solvent-Borne Acrylic PSA Using UV Excimer Laser
263(1)
The Influence of Selected Crosslinking Agents and Photoinitiators on Solvent-Based Acrylic PSAs Shrinkage after Crosslinking
264(9)
Conclusions
268(1)
References
269(4)
Adhesive Properties of Pressure-Sensitive Products
273(58)
Istvan Benedek
Definition and Characterization of Adhesive Properties
274(35)
General Adhesive Performance
274(5)
Special Adhesive Performances
279(1)
Application Peel and Tack
279(1)
The Influence of the Coating Weight
280(6)
Peel Buildup/Peel Gradient
286(1)
Static and Dynamic Dwell Time
287(2)
Stress Rate-Dependent Peel
289(3)
Carrier Deformation
292(5)
Removability
297(4)
Adhesive Properties of Labels
301(1)
Adhesive Properties of Tapes
302(4)
Adhesive Properties of Protective Films
306(3)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties
309(16)
Regulation of the Adhesive Properties with the Adhesive
311(1)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties of a PSP with the Chemical Composition of the Adhesive
311(1)
Tackifying
312(3)
Softening of the Adhesive
315(1)
Crosslinking of the Adhesive
316(4)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties of PSPs with the Adhesive Structure or Geometry
320(2)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties with the Carrier
322(1)
Influence of Carrier Material Surface Properties on Adhesive Properties
323(1)
Influence of Carrier Material Bulk Properties on Adhesive Properties
323(1)
Regulating Adhesive Properties with Manufacturing Technology
323(1)
Regulating Adhesive Properties with Adhesive Manufacturing Technology
323(1)
Regulating Adhesive Properties with Adhesive Coating Technology
324(1)
Regulating Adhesive Properties by Direct or Transfer Coating
324(1)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties with the Coating Device
325(1)
Regulating the Adhesive Properties with Product Application Technology
325(1)
Interdependence Adhesive Properties and Other Performance Characteristics
325(6)
References
325(6)
Manufacture of Pressure-Sensitive Products
331(142)
Istvan Benedek
Manufacture of Coating Components
336(40)
Manufacture of the Adhesive Components
336(1)
Synthesis of Adhesive
337(1)
In-Line Synthesis of the PSA
337(3)
Off-Line Synthesis of the PSA
340(1)
Formulation of Adhesive
340(1)
Formulation for the Adhesive Properties of PSPs
341(6)
Raw Material Dependent Formulating
347(3)
Coating Technology Dependent Formulation
350(3)
Formulation Depending on Product Class
353(1)
Product Buildup-Dependent Formulation
354(1)
End-Use-Dependent Formulation
355(4)
Manufacturing Technology of the Adhesive
359(1)
Formulating Equipment
359(1)
Formulating Problems
360(1)
Manufacture of Adhesives for Labels
360(1)
Manufacture of Adhesives for Tapes
361(5)
Manufacture of Adhesives for Protective Films
366(2)
Manufacture of Adhesives for Forms
368(1)
Formulation of the Primer
368(1)
Primers for Coated Adhesives
368(1)
Primers for Extruded Layers
369(1)
Manufacture of the Adhesive Components
370(1)
Formulation of Adhesive According to Its Chemical Basis
371(1)
Formulation of Silicones
371(1)
Formulation of Other Compounds
371(2)
Formulation According to Coating Technology
373(1)
Formulation According to Product Classes
374(1)
Technology of Abhesive Formulation
375(1)
Manufacture of the Carrier Material for PSPs
376(40)
Carrier on Paper Basis
376(1)
Manufacture of Paper
376(1)
General Requirements for Paper as Carrier Material
377(1)
Special Requirements for Paper Used as Carrier Material for Different PSPs
378(1)
Paper as Carrier for Labels
378(1)
Paper as Carrier for Tapes
379(1)
Paper as Carrier for Protective Films
379(1)
Paper as Carrier for Release Liners
380(1)
Synthetic Films as Carrier
381(1)
General Requirements for Synthetic Films as Carrier Material
382(1)
Special Requirements for Synthetic Films as Carrier Materials
383(1)
Requirements for Plastic Films for Labels
383(1)
Requirements for Plastic Films for Tapes
384(1)
Requirements for Plastic Protective Films
385(1)
Film Manufacture
385(1)
Blow Procedure
386(2)
Flat-Die (Cast) Procedure
388(1)
Coextrusion
388(1)
Blown Coextrusion
389(1)
Cast Coextrusion
389(1)
Comparison Blown Film/Cast Film
389(1)
Main Synthetic Film Materials
390(1)
Polyethylene
390(2)
Polypropylene
392(1)
Polyvinyl Chloride
393(1)
Polyethylene Terephtalate
394(1)
Polystyrene
394(1)
Polyamide Films
395(1)
Cellulose Acetate Films
395(1)
Cellulose Hydrate
395(1)
Ethylene -- Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
395(1)
Polyurethanes
395(1)
Polycarbonate
396(1)
Polyacrylate
396(1)
Laminating
396(1)
Manufacture of Foams
396(1)
Formulation and Manufacture of Synthetic Carrier Films for Labels
396(1)
Polyvinyl Chloride for Labels
397(1)
Polyolefin Films for Labels
397(1)
Polyester Films for Labels
398(1)
Polystyrene Films for Labels
399(1)
Laminates for Labels
399(1)
Other Face Stock Materials for Labels
399(1)
Formulation and Manufacture of Synthetic Carrier Films for Tapes
400(1)
Polyolefins for Tapes
400(2)
Polyvinyl Chloride for Tapes
402(1)
Other Films for Tapes
402(1)
Fiber-Like Carrier Materials for Tapes
402(1)
Plastic Foams as Carrier for Tapes
403(1)
Other Carrier Materials for Tapes
404(1)
Formulation and Manufacture of Plastic Films for Protective Films
404(1)
Polyolefins as Nonadhesive Carrier for Protective Films
404(1)
Polyvinyl Chloride as Nonadhesive Carrier for Protective Films
405(1)
Polyolefins as Adhesive Carrier Material for Protective Films
406(1)
Polar Films as Self-Adhesive Protective Material
406(1)
Formulation and Manufacture of Plastic Films for Release Liners
407(1)
Postextrusion Modification of the Plastic Carrier Material
408(1)
Surface Modification of Synthetic Carrier Films
409(1)
Modification of the Surface Polarity
409(4)
Modification of Antistatic Properties
413(1)
Modification of the Blocking Properties
414(1)
Modification of the Surface Geometry
414(1)
Other Carrier Materials
414(1)
Manufacture of the Release Liner
414(1)
General Considerations
414(1)
Manufacture Technology for Release Liners
415(1)
Manufacture of the Finished Product
416(57)
Manufacture of the Finished Product by Extrusion
417(1)
Nonpolar Hot Laminating Films
418(1)
LDPE-Based Hot Laminating Films
419(3)
Warm Laminating Films Based on VLDPE
422(1)
Nonpolar Self-Adhesive Films
423(1)
Self-Adhesive Protective Films Based on Polybutene and Polyiso-butene
424(1)
Polar Self-Adhesive Films
425(1)
Self-Adhesive Protective Films Based on EVAc Copolymers
425(1)
SAF Based on Other Compounds
426(1)
Manufacturing Technology and Equipment
427(1)
Manufacture of the Finished Product by Carrier Coating
427(1)
Coating Technology
427(1)
Coating Technology as a Function of the Chemical Composition
428(1)
Coating Technology as a Function of the Physical State of the Adhesive
429(3)
Coating Technology as a Function of the Product Class
432(1)
Coating Technology as a Function of the Product Buildup
433(2)
Manufacture of Labels
435(1)
Manufacture of Tapes
436(3)
Manufacture of Packaging Tapes
439(1)
Manufacture of Insulating Tapes
440(1)
Manufacture of Mounting Tapes
440(2)
Manufacture of Medical Tapes
442(1)
Manufacture of Application Tapes
443(1)
Masking Tapes
443(1)
Manufacture of Protective Films
444(2)
Main Equipment
446(1)
Coating Device
447(2)
Drying
449(2)
Laminating
451(1)
Auxiliary Equipment
451(1)
Winding Equipment
451(1)
Web Control Equipment
451(1)
Printing Equipment
452(1)
Environmental Considerations
452(1)
References
452(21)
Molecular Design of Hydrophilic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives for Medical Applications
473(32)
Mikhail M. Feldstein
Nicolai A. Plate
Gary W. Cleary
Performance Properties of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives for Medical Application
474(1)
Key Factors Underlying the Design of Hydrophilic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
475(1)
Hydrophilic Adhesives: Hydrogen Bonds vs. Covalent Crosslinking
475(3)
Principles of Formulating the Adhesive Hydrophilic Polymer Blends
478(3)
Hydrophilic Adhesives Produced by Combination of Ladder-Like and Carcass-Like Types of Noncovalent Crosslinking
481(8)
Phase State and Mechanism of Interaction
482(1)
Mechanical Properties
482(1)
Effect of Swelling in Water on Adhesion
483(2)
Concentration of the Ladder-Like Crosslinking as a Factor Accounting for Adhesive Performance
485(1)
Impact of Ionization of Ladder-Like Crosslinking upon Adhesion
486(1)
Swelling and Dissolution Properties
486(3)
Amphiphilic Adhesives Produced by Ladder-Like Crosslinking and Plasticization of Film-Forming Polymers
489(9)
Phase State and Mechanism of Interaction
490(1)
Effect of Ladder-Like Crosslinking on Tensile Properties
491(1)
Adhesive Behavior
491(1)
Effect of Plasticizer
491(1)
Effect of Ladder-Like Crosslinking
492(1)
Effect of Tackifier
493(1)
Effects of Ionic Interaction
493(3)
Swelling and Dissolution
496(2)
Corplex Adhesives Compared with Conventional Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Bioadhesives
498(3)
Pharmaceutical Application of the Corplex Adhesives
501(4)
References
502(3)
Converting Properties of Pressure-Sensitive Products
505(34)
Istvan Benedek
Coating Properties of Pressure-Sensitive Products
506(18)
Adhesive Coating
506(1)
Solvent-Based Coating
507(1)
Water-Based Coating
507(1)
Abhesive Coating
507(1)
Printing
508(1)
General Printing Considerations
508(2)
Special Printing Considerations
510(1)
Printing of Plastics
510(1)
Nonpolar Carrier Materials Are Difficult to Coat
510(1)
Technological Trend
510(1)
Printing Methods
511(1)
Printing of Labels
511(1)
Gravure Printing
512(1)
Flexo Printing
512(1)
Screen Printing
512(1)
Offset Lithography
513(1)
Letterpress Printing
513(1)
Tampon Printing
513(1)
Mask Printing
513(1)
Hot Stamping
514(1)
Cold Foil Transfer
515(1)
Label Overprinting Methods
515(3)
Combined Printing
518(1)
Lacquering
519(1)
Printing of Tapes
519(1)
Printing of Protective Films
520(1)
Printing-Related Performance Characteristics of the Carrier Material
520(1)
Shrinkage
520(2)
Lay Flat
522(1)
Smoothness
523(1)
Stiffness
523(1)
Elongation in Printing
523(1)
Wrinkle Buildup
524(1)
Conversion of Labels
524(1)
Confectioning Properties
524(8)
Cutting
525(2)
Die-Cutting
527(2)
Perforating, Embossing, and Folding
529(1)
Winding Properties
530(2)
Dispensing and Labeling
532(7)
References
533(6)
End-Uses of Pressure-Sensitive Products
539(58)
Istvan Benedek
General Considerations
541(2)
Labels and Their Application
543(10)
Application Conditions
543(1)
Influence of the Product Surface on Label End-Use
543(2)
Influence of the Product Form on Label End-Use
545(1)
Other Product Characteristics
545(1)
Application Climate/Aging
545(1)
Application Method of Labels
546(1)
Postmodification of Labels
546(1)
Main Types of Labels
547(1)
Temperature-Resistant Labels
547(1)
Temperature Display Labels
547(1)
Freezer Labels
548(1)
Water-Resistant Labels
548(1)
Price-Weight Labels
548(1)
Bottle Labels
548(1)
Bag Closure Labels
549(1)
Nameplates
549(1)
Instruction Labels
550(1)
Medical Labels
550(1)
Antilheft Labels
551(2)
In-Mold Labels
553(1)
Other Labels
553(1)
Tapes and Their Application
553(14)
Application Conditions
553(1)
Influence of the Product Surface on Tape Application
554(1)
Application Climate
555(1)
Application Method
556(1)
Application Equipment
557(1)
Main Tapes
557(1)
Packaging Tapes
557(1)
Tapes for Corrugated Board
558(1)
Box Closure-Seal Tapes
558(1)
Diaper Closure Tapes
558(1)
Bag Lip Tapes
559(1)
Tear Tapes
559(1)
Freezer Tapes
559(1)
Pharmaceutical Sealing Tapes (Antitheft Tapes)
559(1)
Repair Tapes
559(1)
Insulating Tapes
559(1)
Wire-Wound Tapes (Electrical Insulation Tapes)
560(1)
Electrically Conductive Tapes
560(1)
Thermal Insulation Tapes
560(1)
Foam Tapes
561(1)
Mounting Tapes
561(2)
Transfer Tapes
563(1)
Splicing Tapes
564(1)
Medical Tapes
565(1)
Application Tape
566(1)
Protective Tapes
566(1)
Car Masking Tape
566(1)
Mirror Tapes
567(1)
Other Tapes
567(1)
Test Tapes
567(1)
Protective Films
567(18)
Application Conditions
568(1)
Product Surface
568(3)
Packaging Use of Protective Films
571(1)
Processing Use
571(2)
Application/Deapplication Climate
573(1)
Application Conditions According to Laminating Equipment
573(1)
Application Conditions According to the Substrate Surface
573(1)
Application Method
574(1)
Application Equipment
574(1)
Main Protective Films
574(1)
Protective Films for Coil Coating
575(1)
Protective Films for Plastic Plates and Other Items
576(3)
Protective Films for Automotive Storage and Transport
579(3)
Deep Drawable Protective Film
582(2)
Protective Films for Carpets
584(1)
Mirror Tape
584(1)
Overlamination Protection Film
585(1)
Separating Films
585(1)
Other Protective Films
585(1)
Forms
585(1)
Plotter Films
585(1)
Other PSPs
586(11)
References
587(10)
Abbreviations and Acronyms 597(6)
Index 603

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