Fatigue of Materials,9780521570466

Fatigue of Materials

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780521570466
ISBN10: 0521570468
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1998-11-28
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
List Price: $139.09

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Summary

Written by a leading researcher in the field, this revised and updated second edition of a highly successful book provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, non-metals and composites. The author discusses the principles of cyclic deformation, crack initiation and crack growth by fatigue, covering both microscopic and continuum aspects. The book begins with discussions of cyclic deformation and fatigue crack initiation in monocrystalline and polycrystalline ductile alloys as well as in brittle and semi-/non-crystalline solids. Total life and damage-tolerant approaches are then introduced in metals, non-metals and composites followed by more advanced topics. The book includes an extensive bibliography and a problem set for each chapter, together with worked-out example problems and case studies. This will be an important reference for anyone studying fracture and fatigue in materials science and engineering, mechanical, civil, nuclear and aerospace engineering, and biomechanics.

Table of Contents

Preface to the second edition xvii(2)
Preface to the first edition xix
1 Introduction and overview
1(36)
1.1 Historical background and overview
1(10)
1.1.1 Case study: Fatigue and the Comet airplane
8(3)
1.2 Different approaches to fatigue
11(6)
1.2.1 Total-life approaches
12(1)
1.2.2 Defect-tolerant approaches
13(1)
1.2.3 A comparison of different approaches
14(1)
1.2.4 `Safe-life' and `fail-safe' concepts
14(1)
1.2.5 Case study: Retirement for cause
15(2)
1.3 The need for a mechanistic basis
17(1)
1.4 Continuum mechanics
18(11)
1.4.1 Elements of linear elasticity
20(1)
1.4.2 Stress invariants
21(1)
1.4.3 Elements of plasticity
22(4)
1.4.4 Elements of linear viscoelasticity
26(2)
1.4.5 Viscoplasticity and viscous creep
28(1)
1.5 Deformation of ductile single crystals
29(4)
1.5.1 Resolved shear stress and shear strain
30(3)
Exercises
33(4)
PART ONE: CYCLIC DEFORMATION AND FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION 37(182)
2 Cyclic deformation in ductile single crystals
39(47)
2.1 Cyclic strain hardening in single crystals
40(1)
2.2 Cyclic saturation in single crystals
40(5)
2.2.1 Monotonic versus cyclic plastic strains
45(1)
2.3 Instabilities in cyclic hardening
45(7)
2.3.1 Example problem: Identification of active slip systems
47(2)
2.3.2 Formation of dislocation veins
49(3)
2.3.3 Fundamental length scales for the vein structure
52(1)
2.4 Deformation along persistent slip bands
52(1)
2.5 Dislocation structure of PSBs
53(7)
2.5.1 Composite model
57(1)
2.5.2 Example problem: Dislocation dipoles and cyclic deformation
58(2)
2.6 A constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of PSBs
60(3)
2.6.1 General features
60(1)
2.6.2 Hardening in the PSBs
61(1)
2.6.3 Hardening at sites of PSB intersection with the free surface
61(1)
2.6.4 Unloading and reloading
62(1)
2.6.5 Vacancy generation
62(1)
2.7 Formation of PSBs
63(6)
2.7.1 Electron microscopy observations
63(2)
2.7.2 Static or energetic models
65(3)
2.7.3 Dynamic models of self-organized dislocation structures
68(1)
2.8 Formation of labyrinth and cell structures
69(3)
2.8.1 Example problem: Multiple slip
71(1)
2.9 Effects of crystal orientation and multiple slip
72(2)
2.10 Case Study: A commercial FCC alloy crystal
74(4)
2.11 Monotonic versus cyclic deformation in FCC crystals
78(1)
2.12 Cyclic deformation in BCC single crystals
79(3)
2.12.1 Shape changes in fatigued BCC crystals
80(2)
2.13 Cyclic deformation in HCP single crystals
82(2)
2.13.1 Basic characteristics of Ti single crystals
83(1)
2.13.2 Cyclic deformation of Ti single crystals
83(1)
Exercises
84(2)
3 Cyclic deformation in polycrystalline ductile solids
86(46)
3.1 Effects of grain boundaries and multiple slip
86(3)
3.1.1 Monocrystalline versus polycrystalline FCC metals
87(2)
3.1.2 Effects of texture
89(1)
3.2 Cyclic deformation of FCC bicrystals
89(2)
3.2.1 Example problem: Number of independent slip systems
91(1)
3.3 Cyclic hardening and softening in polycrystals
91(4)
3.4 Effects of alloying, cross slip and stacking fault energy
95(2)
3.5 Effects of precipitation
97(1)
3.6 The Bauschinger effect
97(4)
3.6.1 Terminology
98(1)
3.6.2 Mechanisms
99(2)
3.7 Shakedown
101(1)
3.8 Continuum models for uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue
102(11)
3.8.1 Parallel sub-element model
104(2)
3.8.2 Field of work hardening moduli
106(4)
3.8.3 Two-surface models for cyclic plasticity
110(2)
3.8.4 Other approaches
112(1)
3.9 Cyclic creep or ratchetting
113(2)
3.10 Metal-matrix composites subjected to thermal cycling
115(8)
3.10.1 Thermoelastic deformation
115(2)
3.10.2 Characteristic temperatures for thermal fatigue
117(2)
3.10.3 Plastic strain accumulation during thermal cycling
119(1)
3.10.4 Effects of matrix strain hardening
120(2)
3.10.5 Example problem: Critical temperatures for thermal fatigue in a metal-matrix composite
122(1)
3.11 Layered composites subjected to thermal cycling
123(6)
3.11.1 Thermoelastic deformation of a bilayer
124(3)
3.11.2 Thin-film limit: the Stoney formula
127(1)
3.11.3 Characteristic temperatures for thermal fatigue
128(1)
Exercises
129(3)
4 Fatigue crack initiation in ductile solids
132(33)
4.1 Surface roughness and fatigue crack initiation
132(5)
4.1.1 Earlier observations and viewpoints
133(1)
4.1.2 Electron microscopy observations
134(3)
4.2 Vacancy-dipole models
137(4)
4.3 Crack initiation along PSBs
141(2)
4.4 Role of surfaces in crack initiation
143(1)
4.5 Computational models for crack initiation
143(4)
4.5.1 Vacancy diffusion
143(2)
4.5.2 Numerical simulations
145(1)
4.5.3 Example problem: Effects of vacancies
146(1)
4.6 Environmental effects on crack initiation
147(1)
4.7 Kinematic irreversibility of cyclic slip
148(1)
4.8 Crack initiation along grain and twin boundaries
149(3)
4.9 Crack initiation in commercial alloys
152(4)
4.9.1 Crack initiation near inclusions and pores
152(3)
4.9.2 Micromechanical models
155(1)
4.10 Environmental effects in commercial alloys
156(1)
4.11 Crack initiation at stress concentrations
157(5)
4.11.1 Crack initiation under far-field cyclic compression
158(4)
Exercises
162(3)
5 Cyclic deformation and crack initiation in brittle solids
165(35)
5.1 Degrees of brittleness
166(1)
5.2 Modes of cyclic deformation in brittle solids
167(2)
5.3 Highly brittle solids
169(10)
5.3.1 Mechanisms
169(1)
5.3.2 Constitutive models
170(5)
5.3.3 On possible effects of cyclic loading
175(1)
5.3.4 Elevated temperature behavior
176(3)
5.4 Semi-brittle solids
179(5)
5.4.1 Crack nucleation by dislocation pile-up
179(1)
5.4.2 Example problem: Cottrell mechanism for sessile dislocation formation
180(2)
5.4.3 Cyclic deformation
182(2)
5.5 Transformation-toughened ceramics
184(7)
5.5.1 Phenomenology
185(2)
5.5.2 Constitutive models
187(4)
5.6 Fatigue crack initiation under far-field cyclic compression
191(6)
5.6.1 Example problem: Crack initiation under far-field cyclic compression
196(1)
Exercises
197(3)
6 Cyclic deformation and crack initiation in noncrystalline solids
200(19)
6.1 Deformation features of semi-/noncrystalline solids
200(5)
6.1.1 Basic deformation characteristics
200(1)
6.1.2 Crazing and shear banding
201(2)
6.1.3 Cyclic deformation: crystalline versus noncrystalline materials
203(2)
6.2 Cyclic stress-strain response
205(6)
6.2.1 Cyclic softening
205(2)
6.2.2 Thermal effects
207(1)
6.2.3 Example problem: Hysteretic heating
207(2)
6.2.4 Experimental observations of temperature rise
209(1)
6.2.5 Effects of failure modes
210(1)
6.3 Fatigue crack initiation at stress concentrations
211(2)
6.4 Case study: Compression fatigue in total knee replacements
213(4)
Exercises
217(2)
PART TWO: TOTAL-LIFE APPROACHES 219(62)
7 Stress-life approach
221(35)
7.1 The fatigue limit
222(2)
7.2 Mean stress effects on fatigue life
224(3)
7.3 Cumulative damage
227(1)
7.4 Effects of surface treatments
228(3)
7.5 Statistical considerations
231(4)
7.6 Practical applications
235(2)
7.6.1 Example problem: Effects of surface treatments
235(1)
7.6.2 Case Study: HCF in aircraft turbine engines
236(1)
7.7 Stress-life response of polymers
237(2)
7.7.1 General characterization
237(1)
7.7.2 Mechanisms
238(1)
7.8 Fatigue of organic composites
239(3)
7.8.1 Discontinuously reinforced composites
240(1)
7.8.2 Continuous-fiber composites
240(2)
7.9 Effects of stress concentrations
242(4)
7.9.1 Fully reversed cyclic loading
242(1)
7.9.2 Combined effects of notches and mean stresses
243(1)
7.9.3 Nonpropagating tensile fatigue cracks
244(1)
7.9.4 Example problem: Effects of notches
244(2)
7.10 Multiaxial cyclic stresses
246(8)
7.10.1 Proportional and nonproportional loading
246(1)
7.10.2 Effective stresses in multiaxial fatigue loading
247(1)
7.10.3 Stress-life approach for tension and torsion
248(2)
7.10.4 The critical plane approach
250(4)
Exercises
254(2)
8 Strain-life approach
256(25)
8.1 Strain-based approach to total life
256(6)
8.1.1 Separation of low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue lives
256(1)
8.1.2 Transition life
257(3)
8.1.3 Example problem: Thermal fatigue life of a metal-matrix composite
260(2)
8.2 Local strain approach for notched members
262(3)
8.2.1 Neuber analysis
263(2)
8.3 Variable amplitude cyclic strains and cycle counting
265(3)
8.3.1 Example problem: Cycle counting
265(3)
8.4 Multiaxial fatigue
268(8)
8.4.1 Measures of effective strain
268(1)
8.4.2 Case study: Critical planes of failure
269(2)
8.4.3 Different cracking patterns in multiaxial fatigue
271(2)
8.4.4 Example problem: Critical planes of failure in multiaxial loading
273(3)
8.5 Out-of-phase loading
276(2)
Exercises
278(3)
PART THREE: DAMAGE-TOLERANT APPROACH 281(152)
9 Fracture mechanics and its implications for fatigue
283(48)
9.1 Griffith fracture theory
283(2)
9.2 Energy release rate and crack driving force
285(3)
9.3 Linear elastic fracture mechanics
288(9)
9.3.1 Macroscopic modes of fracture
288(1)
9.3.2 The plane problem
289(6)
9.3.3 Conditions of K-dominance
295(1)
9.3.4 Fracture toughness
296(1)
9.3.5 Characterization of fatigue crack growth
296(1)
9.4 Equivalence of G and K
297(5)
9.4.1 Example problem: G and K for the DCB specimen
298(2)
9.4.2 Example problem: Stress intensity factor for a blister test
300(2)
9.5 Plastic zone size in monotonic loading
302(2)
9.5.1 The Irwin approximation
302(1)
9.5.2 The Dugdale model
303(1)
9.5.3 The Barenblatt model
304(1)
9.6 Plastic zone size in cyclic loading
304(3)
9.7 Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics
307(9)
9.7.1 The J-integral
307(1)
9.7.2 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (HRR) singular fields
308(1)
9.7.3 Crack tip opening displacement
309(1)
9.7.4 Conditions of J-dominance
310(2)
9.7.5 Example problem: Specimen size requirements
312(1)
9.7.6 Characterization of fatigue crack growth
313(3)
9.8 Two-parameter representation of crack-tip fields
316(3)
9.8.1 Small-scale yielding
318(1)
9.8.2 Large-scale yielding
318(1)
9.9 Mixed-mode fracture mechanics
319(1)
9.10 Combined mode I-mode II fracture in ductile solids
320(2)
9.11 Crack deflection
322(5)
9.11.1 Branched elastic cracks
324(2)
9.11.2 Multiaxial fracture due to crack deflection
326(1)
9.12 Case study: Damage-tolerant design of aircraft fuselage
327(1)
Exercises
328(3)
10 Fatigue crack growth in ductile solids
331(52)
10.1 Characterization of crack growth
331(4)
10.1.1 Fracture mechanics approach
332(2)
10.1.2 Fatigue life calculations
334(1)
10.2 Microscopic stages of fatigue crack growth
335(6)
10.2.1 Stage I fatigue crack growth
335(1)
10.2.2 Stage II crack growth and fatigue striations
335(2)
10.2.3 Models for striation formation
337(3)
10.2.4 Environmental effects on stage II fatigue
340(1)
10.3 Different regimes of fatigue crack growth
341(2)
10.4 Near-threshold fatigue crack growth
343(11)
10.4.1 Models for fatigue thresholds
345(1)
10.4.2 Effects of microstructural size scale
346(1)
10.4.3 Effects of slip characteristics
347(4)
10.4.4 Example problem: Issues of length scales
351(1)
10.4.5 On the determination of fatigue thresholds
352(2)
10.5 Intermediate region of crack growth
354(3)
10.6 High growth rate regime
357(1)
10.7 Case study: Fatigue failure of aircraft structures
358(6)
10.8 Case study: Fatigue failure of total hip components
364(4)
10.9 Combined mode I-mode II fatigue crack growth
368(5)
10.9.1 Mixed-mode fatigue fracture envelopes
369(1)
10.9.2 Path of the mixed-mode crack
370(2)
10.9.3 Some general observations
372(1)
10.10 Combined mode I-mode III fatigue crack growth
373(6)
10.10.1 Crack growth characteristics
374(4)
10.10.2 Estimation of intrinsic growth resistance
378(1)
Exercises
379(4)
11 Fatigue crack growth in brittle solids
383(25)
11.1 Some general effects of cyclic loading on crack growth
384(1)
11.2 Characterization of crack growth in brittle solids
385(3)
11.2.1 Crack growth under static loads
385(1)
11.2.2 Crack growth under cyclic loads
386(2)
11.3 Crack growth resistance and toughening of brittle solids
388(4)
11.3.1 Example problem: Fracture resistance and stability of crack growth
389(3)
11.4 Cyclic damage zone ahead of tensile fatigue crack
392(1)
11.5 Fatigue crack growth at low temperatures
393(3)
11.6 Case study: Fatigue cracking in heart valve prostheses
396(3)
11.7 Fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures
399(7)
11.7.1 Micromechanisms of deformation and damage due to intergranular/interfacial glassy films
399(3)
11.7.2 Crack growth characteristics at high temperatures
402(1)
11.7.3 Role of viscous films and ligaments
403(3)
Exercises
406(2)
12 Fatigue crack growth in noncrystalline solids
408(25)
12.1 Fatigue crack growth characteristics
408(3)
12.2 Mechanisms of fatigue crack growth
411(13)
12.2.1 Fatigue striations
411(2)
12.2.2 Discontinuous growth bands
413(4)
12.2.3 Combined effects of crazing and shear flow
417(2)
12.2.4 Shear bands
419(1)
12.2.5 Some general observations
420(2)
12.2.6 Example problem: Fatigue crack growth in epoxy adhesive
422(2)
12.3 Fatigue of metallic glasses
424(2)
12.4 Case study: Fatigue fracture in rubber-toughened epoxy
426(4)
Exercises
430(3)
PART FOUR: ADVANCED TOPICS 433(176)
13 Contact fatigue: sliding, rolling and fretting
435(48)
13.1 Basic terminology and definitions
435(4)
13.2 Mechanics of stationary contact under normal loading
439(6)
13.2.1 Elastic indentation of a planar surface
440(2)
13.2.2 Plastic deformation
442(1)
13.2.3 Residual stresses during unloading
443(1)
13.2.4 Example problem: Beneficial effects of surface compressive stresses
444(1)
13.3 Mechanics of sliding contact fatigue
445(6)
13.3.1 Sliding of a sphere on a planar surface
446(1)
13.3.2 Partial slip and complete sliding of a cylinder on a planar surface
447(1)
13.3.3 Partial slip of a sphere on a planar surface
448(1)
13.3.4 Cyclic variations in tangential force
449(2)
13.4 Rolling contact fatigue
451(6)
13.4.1 Hysteretic energy dissipation in rolling contact fatigue
452(1)
13.4.2 Shakedown limits for rolling and sliding contact fatigue
453(4)
13.5 Mechanisms of contact fatigue damage
457(5)
13.5.1 Types of microscopic damage
457(1)
13.5.2 Case study: Contact fatigue cracking in gears
457(5)
13.6 Fretting fatigue
462(12)
13.6.1 Definition and conditions of occurrence
462(1)
13.6.2 Fretting fatigue damage
463(3)
13.6.3 Palliatives to inhibit fretting fatigue
466(3)
13.6.4 Example problem: Fracture mechanics methodology for fretting fatigue fracture
469(5)
13.7 Case study: Fretting fatigue in a turbogenerator rotor
474(7)
13.7.1 Design details and geometry
474(1)
13.7.2 Service loads and damage occurrence
474(7)
Exercises
481(2)
14 Retardation and transients in fatigue crack growth
483(58)
14.1 Fatigue crack closure
484(2)
14.2 Plasticity-induced crack closure
486(10)
14.2.1 Mechanisms
486(4)
14.2.2 Analytical models
490(3)
14.2.3 Numerical models
493(1)
14.2.4 Effects of load ratio on fatigue thresholds
494(2)
14.3 Oxide-induced crack closure
496(4)
14.3.1 Mechanism
496(1)
14.3.2 Implications for environmental effects
497(3)
14.4 Roughness-induced crack closure
500(3)
14.4.1 Mechanism
500(1)
14.4.2 Implications for microstructural effects on threshold fatigue
501(2)
14.5 Viscous fluid-induced crack closure
503(1)
14.5.1 Mechanism
503(1)
14.6 Phase transformation-induced crack closure
504(1)
14.7 Some basic features of fatigue crack closure
505(1)
14.8 Issues and difficulties in the quantification of crack closure
506(1)
14.9 Fatigue crack deflection
507(8)
14.9.1 Linear elastic analyses
508(3)
14.9.2 Experimental observations
511(1)
14.9.3 Example problem: Possible benefits of deflection
512(3)
14.10 Additional retardation mechanisms
515(4)
14.10.1 Crack-bridging and trapping in composite materials
515(3)
14.10.2 On crack retardation in advanced metallic systems
518(1)
14.11 Case study: Variable amplitude spectrum loads
519(1)
14.12 Retardation following tensile overloads
520(6)
14.12.1 Plasticity-induced crack closure
521(1)
14.12.2 Crack tip blunting
522(1)
14.12.3 Residual compressive stresses
523(1)
14.12.4 Deflection or bifurcation of the crack
523(1)
14.12.5 Near-threshold mechanisms
524(2)
14.13 Transient effects following compressive overloads
526(3)
14.13.1 Compressive overloads applied to notched materials
529(1)
14.14 Load sequence effects
529(5)
14.14.1 Block tensile load sequences
530(3)
14.14.2 Tension-compression load sequences
533(1)
14.15 Life prediction models
534(3)
14.15.1 Yield zone models
534(1)
14.15.2 Numerical models of crack closure
535(1)
14.15.3 Engineering approaches
536(1)
14.15.4 The characteristic approach
536(1)
Exercises
537(4)
15 Small fatigue cracks
541(29)
15.1 Definitions of small cracks
543(1)
15.2 Similitude
543(1)
15.3 Microstructural aspects of small flaw growth
544(1)
15.4 Threshold conditions for small flaws
545(5)
15.4.1 Transition crack size
545(2)
15.4.2 Critical size of cyclic plastic zone
547(1)
15.4.3 Slip band models
548(2)
15.5 Fracture mechanics for small cracks at notches
550(4)
15.5.1 Threshold for crack nucleation
551(1)
15.5.2 Example problem: Crack growth from notches
552(2)
15.6 Continuum aspects of small flaw growth
554(5)
15.6.1 Two-parameter characterization of short fatigue cracks
554(2)
15.6.2 Near-tip plasticity
556(1)
15.6.3 Notch-tip plasticity
556(3)
15.7 Effects of physical smallness of fatigue flaws
559(3)
15.7.1 Mechanical effects
559(2)
15.7.2 Environmental effects
561(1)
15.8 On the origins of `short crack problem'
562(2)
15.9 Case study: Small fatigue cracks in surface coatings
564(4)
15.9.1 Theoretical background for cracks approaching interfaces perpendicularly
564(2)
15.9.2 Application to fatigue at surface coatings
566(2)
Exercises
568(2)
16 Environmental interactions: corrosion-fatigue and creep-fatigue
570(39)
16.1 Mechanisms of corrosion-fatigue
570(4)
16.1.1 Hydrogenous gases
571(1)
16.1.2 Aqueous media
572(2)
16.1.3 Metal embrittlement
574(1)
16.2 Nucleation of corrosion-fatigue cracks
574(3)
16.2.1 Gaseous environments
575(1)
16.2.2 Aqueous environments
575(2)
16.3 Growth of corrosion-fatigue cracks
577(9)
16.3.1 Types of corrosion-fatigue crack growth
579(2)
16.3.2 Formation of brittle striations
581(2)
16.3.3 Effects of mechanical variables
583(2)
16.3.4 Models of corrosion-fatigue
585(1)
16.4 Case study: Fatigue design of exhaust valves for cars
586(2)
16.5 Fatigue at low temperatures
588(1)
16.6 Damage and crack initiation at high temperatures
589(9)
16.6.1 Micromechanisms of damage
590(4)
16.6.2 Life prediction models
594(4)
16.7 Fatigue crack growth at high temperatures
598(6)
16.7.1 Fracture mechanics characterization
598(3)
16.7.2 Characterization of creep-fatigue crack growth
601(2)
16.7.3 Summary and some general observations
603(1)
16.8 Case study: Creep-fatigue in steam-power generators
604(4)
Exercises
608(1)
Appendix 609(5)
References 614(45)
Author index 659(10)
Subject index 669

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