The reliance of democracies on vital supplies of energy from distant and non-democratic sources is probably the most pressing and dangerous problem of modern times, but it is not a new phenomenon. Classical Athens, the birthplace of democracy and the largest and historically most important of the ancient Greek city-states, depended for its survival on the constant importation of grain from overseas lands as remote as Ukraine and southern Russia, and this trade was ultimately controlled by powerful politicians, wealthy landowners, and kings. Alfonso Moreno examines how this resource need determined Athenian foreign policy, prompting recourse to military conquest and ruthless resettlements, and how uncomfortable realities (especially elite control) were made acceptable to popular audiences.This study of ancient trade and politics reveals a Greek world as globalized as our own, and convulsed by the same problems that such interdependence and sophistication entail.

Alfonso Moreno is Andrew and Randall Crawley Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Magdalen College, Oxford University.

I. Models and Calculations
1. From Uncertainty to Crisis
II. Archaeology
2. Euonymon
3. The Fruits of Empire
4. Ex Ponto
III. Literature
5. Bread and Politics
Conclusion