Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems
by Kulkarni, Vitthal S.Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-12-03
Publisher(s): William Andrew Pub
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Summary
With the improvements in formulation science and certain transdermal delivery technologies, the non-invasive mode of drug delivery is now ready to compete with traditional methods of oral and injectible routes of drug delivery. The Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems encompasses the broad field of non-invasive drug delivery systems that include drug delivery via topical, transdermal-passive, transdermal-active (device- aided enhanced penetration), trans-mucosal membrane, trans-ocular membrane as well as delivery via alveolar membrane from inhaled medication. Patient compliance has been found to be much higher when administrated by non-invasive routes and therefore they are considered to be a preferred mode of drug delivery.The book includes both science and technological aspects of new drug delivery systems. Its unique focus is that it is on new drug delivery systems that are considered to be "non-invasive". Other unique features include a chapter on Regulatory Aspects of non-invasive systems and one on FDA guidance for topical nano-drug delivery. Two chapters covering market trends and perspectives, as well as providing guidance to those marketing such systems are also included.
Author Biography
Dr Vitthal S. Kulkarni, is Scientific Advisor at DPT Laboratories, San Antonio, and adjunct faculty at San Antonio College. He is an active member of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists and the American Chemical Society.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xi |
| Editor Biography | p. xiii |
| Contributors | p. xv |
| Acknowledgement | p. xxiii |
| Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery | p. 1 |
| Structure of the skin | p. 1 |
| Dermis and hypodermis | p. 3 |
| Topical vs. transdermal drug delivery | p. 3 |
| Topical drug delivery | p. 3 |
| Transdermal patch systems | p. 4 |
| Percutaneous absorption pathways | p. 5 |
| Approaches to enhance passive cutaneous drug absorption | p. 6 |
| Supersaturation of drug | p. 6 |
| Eutectic systems | p. 7 |
| Prodrug approach | p. 7 |
| Ion pair formation | p. 8 |
| Complexation | p. 8 |
| Liposomes | p. 9 |
| Microemulsions | p. 13 |
| Organogels | p. 14 |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles | p. 15 |
| Liquid crystalline systems | p. 16 |
| Chemical permeation enhancers | p. 16 |
| Conclusions | p. 26 |
| References | p. 27 |
| p. 37 | |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| MNP composition and structures | p. 39 |
| Physicochemical characterization | p. 42 |
| Antimicrobial properties | p. 44 |
| Transdermal drug delivery applications of MNP technology | p. 45 |
| EstrasorbÖ - commercial validation of MNP technology | p. 45 |
| Raloxifene MNP product | p. 47 |
| Nicotine MNP product | p. 51 |
| Topical drug delivery applications of MNP technology | p. 53 |
| Conclusion | p. 54 |
| References | p. 56 |
| Further reading | p. 58 |
| Emulsions and Microemulsions for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery | p. 59 |
| Overview of basic aspects of emulsions and microemulsions | p. 59 |
| Introduction | p. 59 |
| Methods of characterization | p. 63 |
| Stability evaluation | p. 69 |
| Application of emulsions for topical and transdermal drug delivery | p. 71 |
| Drug transport from an emulsion to the skin | p. 71 |
| Investigation of topical and transdermal delivery in human subjects | p. 78 |
| Formulation strategies for emulsion-based products | p. 80 |
| Advances in using microemulsions as topical and transdermal drug delivery systems | p. 86 |
| References | p. 91 |
| Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery | p. 95 |
| Introduction | p. 95 |
| History and development of iontophoresis | p. 97 |
| Advantages and limitations of iontophoresis | p. 97 |
| lontophoretic delivery principles and system components | p. 98 |
| Drug transport in iontophoresis | p. 100 |
| Pathways for iontophoretic transport and factors affecting the same | p. 102 |
| Properties of the drug/ion: concentration, competing ions, and molecular size | p. 103 |
| Properties of the iontophoretic system: pH, current | p. 103 |
| Combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery | p. 105 |
| Iontophoresis with electroporation | p. 106 |
| Iontophoresis with chemical enhancers | p. 106 |
| Iontophoresis with microneedles | p. 107 |
| Iontophoresis with sonophoresis | p. 108 |
| Ion-exchange materials | p. 109 |
| Other combinations | p. 110 |
| Reverse iontophoresis | p. 110 |
| Applications of iontophoresis | p. 111 |
| Current and future development | p. 113 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Ultrasound-based Technology for Skin Barrier Permeabilization | p. 119 |
| Introduction | p. 119 |
| What is ultrasound? | p. 120 |
| Ultrasound bioeffects | p. 121 |
| Cavitation | p. 121 |
| Heating | p. 122 |
| Microstreaming | p. 122 |
| Historical background | p. 122 |
| Sonophoresis for enhanced drug delivery | p. 123 |
| Mechanisms | p. 125 |
| Ongoing developments | p. 127 |
| Effective delivery of macromolecules | p. 127 |
| "Reverse sonophoresis" for transdermal diagnostics | p. 128 |
| Advances in transducer fabrication | p. 129 |
| Current challenges and trends | p. 130 |
| References | p. 131 |
| Microneedles - Minimally invasive Transdermal Delivery Technology | p. 135 |
| Introduction | p. 135 |
| Microneedle geometry | p. 136 |
| Solid microneedles | p. 137 |
| Hollow microneedles | p. 139 |
| Biodegradable microneedles | p. 140 |
| Types of approach | p. 140 |
| Poke with patch technique | p. 142 |
| Coat and poke technique | p. 142 |
| Dip and scrape technique | p. 142 |
| Factors influencing transdermal permeation | p. 143 |
| Depth of permeation | p. 143 |
| Coating strategies | p. 143 |
| Microneedle geometry and force of penetration | p. 148 |
| Microneedle technology in drug delivery | p. 151 |
| Commercialization of microneedle technology | p. 157 |
| Conclusion | p. 160 |
| References | p. 161 |
| Recent Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| The anatomy of the eye | p. 167 |
| Delivery systems for the anterior segment | p. 169 |
| Viscous solutions | p. 170 |
| Gels | p. 171 |
| Bioadhesive polymers | p. 173 |
| Nanosuspensions | p. 175 |
| Inserts | p. 176 |
| Liposomes | p. 177 |
| Others | p. 178 |
| Retinal drug delivery systems | p. 179 |
| Non-erodible implants | p. 180 |
| Erodible implants | p. 181 |
| Bolus injections | p. 182 |
| Periocular drug delivery | p. 182 |
| Others | p. 186 |
| Conclusions | p. 186 |
| References | p. 186 |
| Nasal Delivery of Micro- and Nano-encapsulated Drugs | p. 193 |
| Introduction | p. 193 |
| Physiology of the nose | p. 198 |
| Drug delivery formulation | p. 199 |
| Micro- and nano-encapsulation | p. 201 |
| PLGA | p. 201 |
| Chitosan | p. 203 |
| Other polymers | p. 205 |
| Summary | p. 206 |
| References | p. 206 |
| Pulmonary Drug Delivery | p. 209 |
| General introduction | p. 209 |
| Non-invasive drug delivery | p. 209 |
| The human respiratory system | p. 211 |
| Physical properties of drug aerosol particles | p. 212 |
| Pulmonary drug deposition mechanisms | p. 214 |
| Pulmonary drug delivery methods | p. 218 |
| Metered-dose inhalers | p. 219 |
| Dry powder inhalers | p. 225 |
| Nebulizers | p. 227 |
| Comparable and contrasting features of MDIs, DPIs, and nebulizers | p. 229 |
| Analytical methods | p. 231 |
| Non-invasive scintigraphic techniques | p. 232 |
| Inertial impaction | p. 233 |
| Optical microscopy | p. 237 |
| Laser-induced tools | p. 237 |
| Challenges and advantages | p. 239 |
| Conclusions | p. 241 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Regulatory Aspects of Nasal and Pulmonary Spray Drug Products | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 247 |
| Setting specifications and performing product characterization studies | p. 253 |
| Tests related to product labeling | p. 253 |
| Tests related to patient use/misuse | p. 259 |
| Tests related to general properties | p. 267 |
| Conclusion | p. 287 |
| References | p. 287 |
| Index | p. 291 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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