Introduction to Typology : The Unity and Diversity of Language,9780803959637

Introduction to Typology : The Unity and Diversity of Language

by
ISBN13: 9780803959637
ISBN10: 080395963X
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1996-12-30
Publisher(s): Sage Publications, Inc
List Price: $123.05

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Summary

Ideal in introductory courses dealing with grammatical structure and linguistics analysis, Introduction to Typology overviews the major grammatical categories and constructions in the world's languages. Framed in a typological perspective, the constant concern of this primary text is to underscore the similarities and differences which underlie the vast array of human languages.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
The World's Languages in Overview xvii
Abbreviations xxv
PART I: Basics of Language Typology
Introduction to Typology and Universals
3(15)
Defining ``Typology''
7(7)
Summary
14(2)
Key Terms
16(2)
A (Brief) History of Typology
18(12)
Early Typologists
19(3)
Revolutions in Typology
22(5)
Summary
27(1)
Key Terms
28(2)
Issues of Method and Explanation
30(24)
Types of Universals
31(5)
Absolute Versus Nonabsolute Universals
31(1)
Implicational Universals
32(4)
A Problem in Determining Universals---The Database
36(7)
Explaining Universals
43(3)
Types of External Explanations
46(5)
Discourse
46(1)
Processing
47(1)
Economy
48(1)
Perception-Cognition
49(1)
Iconicity
50(1)
Summary
51(1)
Key Terms
52(2)
Basic Categories
54(25)
Lexical Classes
56(8)
Defining Lexical Classes
60(4)
Semantic Roles
64(3)
Grammatical Relations
67(6)
Grammatical Relations as Universals
68(5)
Summary
73(1)
Key Terms
74(5)
PART II: Word Order Typology
Constituent Order Universals
79(17)
Order of Clausal Constituents
80(6)
Constituent Order Correlations
86(5)
Branching Direction Theory
91(3)
Summary
94(1)
Key Terms
94(2)
Determining Basic Constituent Order
96(15)
Constituent Order Variation
96(4)
Determining the Basic Order
100(4)
Frequency
100(2)
Markedness
102(2)
Pragmatically Neutral Contexts
104(1)
Further Issues
104(1)
Summary
105(1)
Key Terms
106(5)
PART III: Morphological Typology
Morphemes
111(16)
Bound Versus Free Morphemes
112(2)
Prefixes and Suffixes
114(6)
Other Types of Affixation
117(3)
Derivational Versus Inflectional Morphology
120(4)
Affix Ordering
124(1)
Summary
125(1)
Key Terms
125(2)
Morphological Typology
127(24)
Languages as Morphological Types
128(11)
Index of Synthesis
128(5)
Index of Fusion
133(2)
The Relationship Between the Two Indices
135(1)
Historical Change in Morphological Type
136(3)
Types of Morphological Linkage Between Constituents
139(7)
Government Versus Agreement
140(1)
Head Versus Dependent Marking
141(3)
Implications for Universals
144(2)
Head Marking and Constituent Order
146(1)
Summary
146(1)
Key Terms
147(4)
PART IV: Encoding Relational and Semantic Properties of Nominals
Case and Agreement Systems
151(19)
Marking of Grammatical Relations
152(12)
Case and Agreement Hierarchies
153(2)
S, A, and P
155(5)
Split Case and Agreement Systems
160(4)
Complexity of Case and Agreement Systems
164(4)
Verb Agreement
164(2)
Case Systems
166(2)
Summary
168(1)
Key Terms
169(1)
Animacy, Definiteness, and Gender
170(13)
Animacy Hierarchy
172(7)
Reflexes of Animacy in Morphology and Syntax
174(4)
Animacy Hierarchy as a Universal
178(1)
Definiteness and Gender
179(2)
Summary
181(1)
Key Terms
181(2)
Valence
183(20)
Valence-Changing Devices
185(7)
Valence-Decreasing Devices
185(4)
Valence-Transposing Devices
189(1)
Valence-Increasing Devices
190(2)
Causatives
192(6)
Direct Versus Indirect Causation
193(3)
Indicating the Degree of Control Retained by the Causee
196(1)
Permission Versus Causation
197(1)
Summary
198(1)
Key Terms
199(4)
PART V: Verbal Categories
Tense and Aspect
203(16)
Tense
205(5)
Strategies for Tense
206(3)
Absolute Versus Relative Tense
209(1)
Aspect
210(7)
Aspect Versus Aktionsart
214(2)
Nonverbal Effects on Aspect
216(1)
Summary
217(1)
Key Terms
217(2)
Mood and Negation
219(14)
Traditional Categories of Mood
220(6)
Deontic Versus Epistemic Modality
223(1)
Evidentials
224(1)
Realis Versus Irrealis
225(1)
Negation
226(5)
Standard Negation Strategies
228(1)
Secondary Modifications
229(2)
Scope and Constituent Negation
231(1)
Summary
231(1)
Key Terms
232(1)
Morphosyntax of Speech Acts
233(14)
Encoding Declaratives
235(1)
Encoding Imperatives
235(2)
Encoding Interrogatives
237(6)
Polar Questions
238(2)
Content Questions
240(3)
Summary
243(1)
Key Terms
243(4)
PART VI: Complex Clauses
Subordination
247(20)
Principal Types of Subordinate Clauses
247(3)
Characteristics of Subordinate Clauses
248(2)
Adverbial Clauses
250(5)
Time
251(1)
Location
252(1)
Cause
252(1)
Conditional
253(1)
Concessive Clauses
254(1)
Unspecified Relationship
254(1)
Complement Clauses
255(4)
The Complexity Continuum
256(3)
Relative Clauses
259(6)
Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses
260(1)
Typological Variation in Relative Clauses
261(3)
Additional Considerations
264(1)
Summary
265(1)
Key Terms
266(1)
Coordination and Cosubordination
267(14)
Coordination
269(5)
Forms of Coordination
269(3)
Range of Constituents in Coordination
272(1)
Clause Reduction
273(1)
Cosubordination
274(5)
Serial Verbs
274(2)
Switch Reference
276(3)
Summary
279(1)
Key Terms
280(1)
Glossary 281(12)
References 293(12)
Index 305(18)
About the Author 323

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