| Preface |
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ix | |
| PART ONE CONCEPTUALIZING COMMUNICATION RESEARCH |
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1 | (78) |
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Introduction To The Research Culture |
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3 | (24) |
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The Importance of Knowing Research Methods |
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3 | (3) |
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Making Claims and Offering Evidence |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Appeals to Tradition, Custom, and Faith |
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10 | (1) |
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Magic, Superstition, and Mysticism |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (9) |
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Characteristics of Research |
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12 | (5) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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The Importance of Distinguishing Research from Pseudoresearch |
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21 | (5) |
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26 | (1) |
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Asking Questions About Communication |
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27 | (21) |
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27 | (1) |
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What Constitutes Communication Research? |
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28 | (1) |
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Areas of Communication Research |
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28 | (2) |
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Basic Versus Applied Communication Research Topics |
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30 | (8) |
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Basic Communication Research |
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30 | (3) |
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Applied Communication Research |
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33 | (3) |
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An Integrated Model of Basic and Applied Communication Research |
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36 | (2) |
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Justifying Communication Research Topics |
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38 | (1) |
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Research Questions and Hypotheses |
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39 | (8) |
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Describing Communication Behavior |
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39 | (1) |
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Relating Communication Behavior to Other Variables |
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40 | (7) |
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47 | (1) |
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Finding, Reading, And Using Research |
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48 | (31) |
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Reasons for Reviewing Previous Research |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (16) |
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Types of Research Reports |
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50 | (6) |
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56 | (6) |
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``Internet and World Wide Web Resources for Research'' |
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62 | (4) |
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How Research Is Presented: Reading Scholarly Journal Articles |
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66 | (3) |
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A Typical Quantitative Scholarly Journal Article |
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66 | (3) |
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Writing a Literature Review |
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69 | (5) |
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74 | (5) |
| PART TWO PLANNING AND DESIGNING COMMUNICATION RESEARCH |
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79 | (88) |
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Observing And Measuring Communication Variables |
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81 | (28) |
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Conceptual versus Operational Definitions |
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81 | (2) |
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Evaluating Operational Definitions |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (12) |
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Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (9) |
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Measuring Unidimensional and Multidimensional Concepts |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (8) |
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Questionnaires and Interviews |
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99 | (5) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (2) |
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Designing Valid Communication Research |
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109 | (31) |
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Internal and External Validity |
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109 | (2) |
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Measurement Validity and Reliability |
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111 | (8) |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (4) |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
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119 | (6) |
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Threats Due to How Research Is Conducted |
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119 | (2) |
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Threats Due to Research Participants |
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121 | (2) |
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Threats Due to Researchers |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (14) |
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125 | (8) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (1) |
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Research Ethics And Politics |
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140 | (27) |
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Ethical Issues in Communication Research |
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140 | (25) |
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The Politics of Academic Research |
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141 | (5) |
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Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants |
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146 | (15) |
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Ethical Decisions Involving Research Findings |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (2) |
| PART THREE METHODOLOGIES FOR CONDUCTING COMMUNICATION RESEARCH |
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167 | (120) |
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169 | (29) |
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169 | (2) |
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Exercising Control in Experimental Research |
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171 | (11) |
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Exposing Research Participants to an Independent Variable |
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171 | (4) |
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Ruling Out Initial Differences between the Conditions |
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175 | (3) |
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Controlling for the Effects of Extraneous Influences |
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178 | (4) |
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Experimental Research Designs |
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182 | (8) |
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183 | (3) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs |
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186 | (3) |
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Full Experimental Designs |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (5) |
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Factorial Design Statements and Diagrams |
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192 | (2) |
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Between-Group and Within-Group (Repeated-Measures) Designs |
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194 | (1) |
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Laboratory versus Field Experiments |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (27) |
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The Prevalence of Surveys |
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198 | (6) |
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Applied Uses of Survey Research |
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198 | (4) |
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Use of Surveys in Communication Research |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (5) |
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Selecting Survey Respondents |
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204 | (4) |
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Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Surveys |
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208 | (1) |
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Survey Measurement Techniques |
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209 | (13) |
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Designing Questions for Survey Instruments |
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210 | (3) |
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Questionnaire Survey Research |
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213 | (3) |
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Interview Survey Research |
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216 | (6) |
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Using Multiple Methods in Survey Research |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (32) |
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Purposes of Textual Analysis |
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225 | (2) |
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Important Considerations in Textual Analysis |
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227 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Approaches to Textual Analysis |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (7) |
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Conducting Rhetorical Criticism |
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230 | (1) |
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Types of Rhetorical Criticism |
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231 | (5) |
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236 | (7) |
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Value of Quantitative Content Analysis |
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238 | (1) |
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Quantitave Content-Analytic Procedures |
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239 | (4) |
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243 | (9) |
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Describing Interaction and Relating It to Other Variables |
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243 | (5) |
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Conducting Interaction Analysis |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (4) |
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``Performance as a Method'' |
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252 | (4) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (30) |
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Common Assumptions Guiding Naturalistic Inquiry |
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258 | (1) |
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Types of Naturalistic Inquiry |
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259 | (3) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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The Flow of Naturalistic Inquiry |
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262 | (2) |
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Collecting Data in Naturalistic Inquiry |
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264 | (16) |
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Naturalistic Observational Research |
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264 | (9) |
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Interviewing in Naturalistic Inquiry |
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273 | (7) |
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Start Making Sense: Analyzing and Reporting Qualitative Data |
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280 | (5) |
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Analyzing Qualitative Data |
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280 | (4) |
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Reporting Findings from Naturalistic Inquiry |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
| PART FOUR ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING QUANTITATIVE DATA |
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287 | (92) |
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Describing Quantitative Data |
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289 | (26) |
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Making Sense of Numbers: Statistical Data Analysis |
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289 | (3) |
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Describing Data through Summary Statistics |
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292 | (9) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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292 | (4) |
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296 | (5) |
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Describing Data in Standard Scores |
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301 | (4) |
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Describing Data through Visual Displays |
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305 | (9) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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Frequency Histograms and Frequency Polygons |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Inferring From Data: Estimation And Significance Testing |
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315 | (21) |
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316 | (7) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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Inferring from a Random Sample to a Population |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (11) |
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The Logic of Significance Testing |
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325 | (4) |
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The Practice of Significance Testing |
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329 | (3) |
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Type I Error and Type II Error |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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Analyzing Differences Between Groups |
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336 | (20) |
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Types of Difference Analysis |
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337 | (17) |
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337 | (5) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (10) |
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Advanced Difference Analysis |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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Analyzing Relationships Between Variables |
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356 | (23) |
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356 | (3) |
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356 | (1) |
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Linear Relationships between Variables |
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357 | (1) |
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Nonlinear Relationships between Variables |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (10) |
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359 | (8) |
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Coefficient of Determination |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (4) |
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370 | (1) |
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Multiple Linear Regression |
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371 | (2) |
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Advanced Relationship Analysis |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (3) |
| PART FIVE RECONCEPTUALIZING COMMUNICATION RESEARCH |
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379 | (18) |
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Epilogue: Concluding Research |
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381 | (16) |
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Discussing Research Findings |
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381 | (14) |
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Interpreting the Meaning of Research Findings |
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381 | (8) |
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Identifying Limitations of the Research |
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389 | (5) |
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Suggesting Directions for Future Research |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
| APPENDICES |
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397 | (11) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (6) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
| Glossary |
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408 | (36) |
| References |
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444 | (55) |
| Name Index |
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499 | (8) |
| Subject Index |
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507 | |