Optical Networking Best Practices Handbook,9780471460527

Optical Networking Best Practices Handbook

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Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780471460527
ISBN10: 0471460524
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-11-28
Publisher(s): Wiley-Interscience
List Price: $215.91

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Summary

Optical Networking Best Practices Handbook presents optical networking in a very comprehensive way for nonengineers needing to understand the fundamentals of fiber, high-capacity, high-speed equipment and networks, and upcoming carrier services. The book provides a practical understanding of fiber optics as a physical medium, sorting out single-mode versus multi-mode and the crucial concept of Dense Wave-Division Multiplexing.

Author Biography

JOHN R. VACCA, MS, MBA, is an information technology consultant and internationally known author. He has authored more than forty books and hundreds of articles in a wide range of technologies, including telecommunications, software, intelligence systems, and networks. His book The World's 20 Greatest Unsolved Problems was named one of Amazon.com's Best Books of 2004. Mr. Vacca was also a configuration management specialist, computer specialist, and the computer security official (CSO) for NASA's space station program (Freedom) and the International Space Station Program, from 1988 until his early retirement from NASA in 1995. Additionally, he is also an Independent online book reviewer and was one of the security consultants for the MGM movie Antitrust.

Table of Contents

Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
Optical Networking Fundamentals
1(32)
Fiber Optics: A Brief History in Time
1(6)
The Twentieth Century of Light
2(4)
Real World Applications
6(1)
Today and Beyond
7(1)
Distributed IP Routing
7(7)
Models: Interaction Between Optical Components and IP
8(1)
Overlay Model
8(1)
Augmented/Integrated Model
9(1)
Peer Model
9(1)
Lightpath Routing Solution
9(1)
What Is an IGP?
10(1)
The Picture: How Does MPLS Fit?
10(1)
OSPF Enhancements/IS-IS
10(1)
Link Type
10(1)
Link Resource/Link Media Type (LMT)
11(1)
Local Interface IP Address and Link ID
11(1)
Traffic Engineering Metric and Remote Interface IP Address
11(1)
TLV Path Sub
11(1)
TLV Shared Risk Link Group
12(1)
IP Links, Control Channels, and Data Channels
12(1)
Excluding Data Traffic From Control Channels
12(1)
Adjacencies Forwarding
12(1)
Connectivity Two Way
13(1)
LSAs of the Optical Kind
13(1)
Unsolved Problems
13(1)
Scalable Communications: Integrated Optical Networks
14(5)
The Optical Networks
14(1)
The Access Network
15(1)
Management and Service
15(1)
The Operations Support System
16(1)
Next-Generation IP and Optical Integrated Network
16(1)
IP and Optical Integrated Network Migration
16(3)
Lightpath Establishment and Protection in Optical Networks
19(6)
Reliable Optical Networks: Managing Logical Topology
21(1)
The Initial Phase
21(1)
The Incremental Phase
22(1)
The Readjustment Phase
23(1)
Dimensioning Incremental Capacity
23(1)
Primary Lightpath: Routing and Wavelength Assignment
24(1)
Reconfiguring the Backup Lightpaths: Optimization Formulation
24(1)
Optical Network Design Using Computational Intelligence Techniques
25(1)
Distributed Optical Frame Synchronized Ring (doFSR)
26(3)
Future Plans
28(1)
Prototypes
28(1)
Summary and Conclusions
29(4)
Differentiated Reliability in Multilayer Optical Networks
29(2)
The Demands of Today
31(2)
Types of Optical Networking Technology
33(45)
Use of Digital Signal Processing
36(4)
DSP in Optical Component Control
36(1)
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Control
37(1)
Microelectromechanical System Control
37(1)
Thermoelectric Cooler Control
38(2)
Optical Signal Processing for Optical Packet Switching Networks
40(9)
Packet Switching in Today's Optical Networks
41(1)
All-Optical Packet Switching Networks
42(3)
Optical Signal Processing and Optical Wavelength Conversion
45(1)
Asynchronous Optical Packet Switching and Label Swapping Implementations
46(2)
Sychronous OTDM
48(1)
Next-Generation Optical Networks as a Value Creation Platform
49(12)
Real Challenges in the Telecom Industry
54(1)
Changes in Network Roles
54(2)
The Next-Generation Optical Network
56(2)
Technological Challenges
58(1)
Technological Innovations in Devices, Components, and Subsystems
58(1)
Technological Innovations in Transmission Technologies
58(1)
Technological Innovations in Node Technologies
59(1)
Technological Innovations in Networking Software
60(1)
Optical Network Research in the IST Program
61(10)
The Focus on Broadband Infrastructure
62(2)
Results and Exploitation of Optical Network Technology Research and Development Activities in the EU Framework Programs of the RACE Program (1988--1995)
64(1)
The Acts Program (1995--1999)
65(1)
The Fifth Framework Program: The IST Program 1999--2002
66(1)
IST Fp5 Optical Networking Projects
66(1)
The Lion Project: Layers Interworking in Optical Networks
67(1)
Giant Project: GigaPON Access Network
68(1)
The David Project: Data and Voice Integration Over WDM
68(1)
WINMAN Project: WDM and IP Network Management
68(1)
Optical Network Research Objectives in the Sixth Framework Program (2002--2009)
69(1)
Strategic Objective: Broadband for All
69(1)
Research Networking Testbeds
70(1)
Optical, Optoelectronic, and Photonic Functional Components
70(1)
Calls for Proposals and Future Trends
71(1)
Optical Networking in Optical Computing
71(5)
Cost Slows New Adoptions
73(1)
Bandwidth Drives Applications
73(1)
Creating a Hybrid Computer
74(1)
Computing with Photons
75(1)
Summary and Conclusions
76(2)
Optical Transmitters
78(17)
Long-Wavelength VCSELs
81(8)
1.3-μm Vcsels
82(2)
GaInNAs-Active Region
84(1)
GaInNAsSb Active Region
84(1)
InGaAs Quantum Dots--Active Region
84(1)
GaAsSb-Active Region
85(1)
Wavelength Emission
85(1)
Dielectric Mirror
85(1)
AlGaAsSb DBR
85(1)
InP/Air-Gap DBR
86(1)
Metamorphic DBR
86(1)
Wavelength-Tunable 1.55-μm VCSELs
87(1)
Other Tunable Diode Lasers
88(1)
Application Requirements
88(1)
Point-To-Point Links
89(1)
Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Applications
89(1)
Multiwavelength Lasers
89(5)
Mode-locking
90(2)
WDM Channel Generation
92(1)
Comb Flattening
93(1)
Myriad Applications
93(1)
Summary and Conclusions
94(1)
Types of Optical Fiber
95(13)
Strands and Processes of Fiber Optics
95(1)
The Fiber-Optic Cable Modes
95(2)
The Single Mode
96(1)
The Multimode
96(1)
Optical Fiber Types
97(1)
Fiber Optics Glass
97(1)
Plastic Optical Fiber
97(1)
Fiber Optics: Fluid-Filled
97(1)
Types of Cable Families
97(1)
The Multimodes: OM1 and OM2
98(1)
Multimode: OM3
98(1)
Single Mode: VCSEL
98(1)
Extending Performance
98(2)
Regeneration
98(1)
Regeneration: Multiplexing
98(1)
Regeneration: Fiber Amplifiers
99(1)
Dispersion
99(1)
Dispersion: New Technology---Graded Index
99(1)
Pulse-Rate Signals
99(1)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
99(1)
Care, Productivity, and Choices
100(1)
Handle with Care
100(1)
Utilization of Different Types of Connectors
100(1)
Speed and Bandwidth
100(1)
Advantages over Copper
101(1)
Choices Based on Need: Cost and Bandwidth
101(1)
Understanding Types of Optical Fiber
101(5)
Multimode Fiber
103(1)
Multimode Step-Index Fiber
103(1)
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber
104(1)
Single-Mode Fiber
105(1)
Summary and Conclusions
106(2)
Carriers' Networks
108(29)
The Carriers' Photonic Future
108(3)
Carriers' Optical Networking Revolution
111(18)
Passive Optical Networks Evolution
112(1)
APONs
113(1)
EPONs
113(1)
Ethernet PONs Economic Case
114(2)
The Passive Optical Network Architecture
116(1)
The Active Network Elements
116(1)
The CO Chassis
117(1)
The Optical Network Unit
117(1)
The EMS
118(1)
Ethernet PONs: How They Work
118(1)
The Managing of Upstream/Downstream Traffic in an EPON
118(2)
The EPON Frame Formats
120(1)
The Optical System Design
121(1)
The Quality of Service
122(2)
Applications for Incumbent Local-Exchange Carriers
124(1)
Cost-Reduction Applications
124(1)
New Revenue Opportunities
125(1)
Competitive Advantage
126(1)
Ethernet PONs Benefits
126(1)
Higher Bandwidth
127(1)
Lower Costs
127(1)
More Revenue
128(1)
Ethernet in the First-Mile Initiative
128(1)
Flexible Metro Optical Networks
129(4)
Flexibility: What Does It Mean?
129(1)
Visibility
129(1)
Scalability
130(1)
Upgradability
130(1)
Optical Agility
130(1)
Key Capabilities
130(2)
Operational Business Case
132(1)
Flexible Approaches Win
133(1)
Summary and Conclusions
133(4)
Passive Optical Components
137(23)
Optical Material Systems
139(19)
Optical Device Technologies
144(11)
Multifunctional Optical Components
155(3)
Summary and Conclusions
158(2)
Free-Space Optics
160(19)
Free-Space Optical Communication
160(2)
Corner-Cube Retroreflectors
162(3)
CCR Design and Fabrication
163(1)
Structure-Assisted Assembly Design
163(1)
Fabrication
163(2)
Free-Space Heterochronous Imaging Reception
165(3)
Experimental System
167(1)
Secure Free-Space Optical Communication
168(2)
Design and Enabling Components of a Transceiver
168(1)
Link Protocol
169(1)
The Minimization of Acquisition Time
170(5)
Configuration of the Communication System
171(2)
Initiation--Acquisition Protocol
173(1)
Phase 1
173(1)
Phase 2
174(1)
Phase 3
174(1)
Summary and Conclusions
175(4)
Optical Formats: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and Gigabit Ethernet
179(54)
Synchronous Optical Network
179(36)
Background
180(1)
Synchronization of Digital Signals
180(1)
Basic SONET Signal
181(1)
Why Synchronize: Synchronous versus Asynchronous
182(1)
Synchronization Hierarchy
182(1)
Synchronizing SONET
182(1)
Frame Format Structure
183(1)
STS-1 Building Block
183(1)
STS-1 Frame Structure
183(1)
STS-1 Envelope Capacity and Synchronous Payload Envelope
184(1)
STS-1 SPE in the Interior of STS-1 Frames
185(1)
STS-N Frame Structure
186(1)
Overheads
186(1)
Section Overhead
187(1)
Line Overhead
187(1)
VT POH
188(1)
SONET Alarm Structure
189(3)
Pointers
192(1)
VT Mappings
192(1)
Concatenated Payloads
192(2)
Payload Pointers
194(2)
VTs
196(2)
STS-1 VT1.5 SPE Columns
198(1)
DS-1 Visibility
198(4)
VT Superframe and Envelope Capacity
202(1)
VT SPE and Payload Capacity
202(1)
SONET Multiplexing
203(1)
SONET Network Elements: Terminal Multiplexer
204(1)
Regenerator
205(1)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
205(1)
Wideband Digital Cross-Connects
206(1)
Broadband Digital Cross-Connect
207(1)
Digital Loop Carrier
207(1)
SONET Network Configurations: Point to Point
208(1)
Point-to-Multipoint
209(1)
Hub Network
209(1)
Ring Architecture
209(1)
What Are the Benefits of SONET?
209(2)
Pointers, MUX/DEMUX
211(1)
Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing
211(1)
Optical Interconnect
211(1)
Multipoint Configurations
211(1)
Convergence, ATM, Video 3, and SONET
212(1)
Grooming
213(1)
Reduced Cabling and Elimination of DSX Panels
213(1)
Enhanced OAM&P
213(1)
Enhanced Performance Monitoring
213(1)
SDH Reference
213(1)
Convergence of SONET and SDH Hierarchies
214(1)
Asynchronous and Synchronous Tributaries
215(1)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
215(11)
SDH Standards
216(1)
SDH Features and Management: Traffic Interfaces
217(1)
SDH Layers
217(1)
Management Functions
217(1)
Network Generic Applications: Evolutionary Pressures
218(1)
Operations
218(1)
Network Generic Applications: Equipment and Uses
218(3)
Cross-Connect Types
221(1)
Trends in Deployment
221(1)
Network Design: Network Topology
222(1)
Introduction Strategy for SDH
223(1)
SDH Frame Structure: Outline
223(2)
Virtual Containers
225(1)
Supporting Different Rates
225(1)
Gigabit Ethernet
226(4)
Gigabit Ethernet Basics
227(1)
Gigabit Ethernet Standards and Layers
228(1)
Metro and Access Standards
229(1)
Summary and Conclusions
230(3)
Wave Division Multiplexing
233(30)
Who Uses WDM?
233(2)
How is WDM Deployed?
234(1)
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Backbone Deployment
235(1)
The Proposed Architecture
235(1)
IP-Optical Integration
236(5)
Control Plane Architectures
237(2)
Data Framing and Performance Monitoring
239(1)
Resource Provisioning and Survivability
240(1)
QoS Mechanisms
241(8)
Optical Switching Techniques
242(1)
Wavelength Routing Networks
242(1)
Optical Packet-Switching Networks
243(1)
Optical Burst Switching Networks
243(1)
QoS in IP-Over-WDM Networks
243(1)
QoS in WR Networks
244(1)
QoS in Optical Packet Switching Networks
245(1)
QOS in Optical Burst Switching Networks
246(3)
Optical Access Network
249(6)
Proposed Structure
250(2)
Network Elements and Prototypes
252(1)
OCSM
252(1)
OLT
252(2)
ONU
254(1)
Experiments
254(1)
Multiple-Wavelength Sources
255(4)
Ultrafast Sources and Bandwidth
255(1)
Supercontinuum Sources
256(1)
Multiple-Wavelength Cavities
257(2)
Summary and Conclusions
259(4)
Basics of Optical Switching
263(55)
Optical Switches
263(10)
Economic Challenges
263(1)
Two Types of Optical Switches
264(1)
All-Optical Switches
265(1)
All-Optical Challenges
266(1)
Optical Fabric Insertion Loss
267(1)
Network-Level Challenges of the All-Optical Switch
267(1)
Intelligent OEO Switches
268(1)
OxO
269(1)
Space and Power Savings
270(1)
Optimized Optical Nodes
271(2)
Motivation and Network Architectures
273(9)
Comparison
274(2)
Detailed Comparison
276(3)
Synergy Between Electrical and Photonic Switching
279(1)
Nodal Architectures
280(2)
Rapid Advances in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology
282(9)
Multigranular Optical Cross-Connect Architectures
282(1)
The Multilayer MG-OXC
283(1)
Single-Layer MG-OXC
284(1)
An Illustrative Example
285(1)
Waveband Switching
286(1)
Waveband Switching Schemes
286(1)
Lightpath Grouping Strategy
287(1)
Major Benefits of WBS Networks
287(1)
Waveband Routing Versus Wavelength Routing
287(1)
Wavelength and Waveband Conversion
288(1)
Waveband Failure Recovery in MG-OXC Networks
288(1)
Performance of WBS Networks
289(1)
Static Traffic
289(1)
Dynamic Traffic
290(1)
Switched Optical Backbone
291(8)
Scalability
293(1)
Resiliency
293(1)
Flexibility
293(1)
Degree of Connectivity
293(1)
Network Architecture
294(1)
PoP Configuration
294(1)
Traffic Restoration
295(2)
Routing Methodology
297(1)
Packing of IP Flows onto Optical Layer Circuits
297(1)
Routing of Primary and Backup Paths on Physical Topology
298(1)
Optical MEMS
299(4)
MEMS Concepts and Switches
299(2)
Tilting Mirror Displays
301(1)
Diffractive MEMS
301(2)
Other Applications
303(1)
Multistage Switching System
303(4)
Conventional Three-Stage Clos Switch Architecture
305(2)
Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes
307(7)
Multilayer Traffic Engineering with a Photonic MPLS Router
309(2)
Multilayer Routing
311(2)
IETF Standardization for Multilayer GMPLS Networks Routing Extensions
313(1)
PCE Implementation
313(1)
Summary and Conclusions
314(4)
Optical Packet Switching
318(8)
Design for Optical Networks
321(1)
Multistage Approaches to OPS: Node Architectures for OPS
321(4)
Applied to OPS
322(1)
Reducing the Number of SOAs for a B&S Switch
323(1)
A Strictly Nonblocking AWG-Based Switch for Asynchronous Operation
324(1)
Summary and Conclusions
325(1)
Optical Network Configurations
326(11)
Optical Networking Configuration Flow-Through Provisioning
326(2)
Flow-Through Provisioning at Element Management Layer
328(1)
Resource Reservation
328(1)
Resource Sharing with Multiple NMS
328(1)
Resource Commit by EMS
328(1)
Resource Rollback by EMS
329(1)
Flow-Through in Optical Networks at EMS Level
329(1)
Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in the Same Optical Network Domain
329(1)
Flow-Through Circuit Provisioning in Multiple Optical Network Domain
329(1)
Benefits of Flow-Through Provisioning
330(2)
Testing and Measuring Optical Networks
332(3)
Fiber Manufacturing Phase
332(1)
Fiber Installation Phase
332(1)
DWDM Commissioning Phase
333(1)
Transport Life Cycle Phase
334(1)
Network-Operation Phase
335(1)
Integrated Testing Platform
335(1)
Summary and Conclusions
335(2)
Developing Areas in Optical Networking
337(37)
Optical Wireless Networking High-Speed Integrated Transceivers
338(6)
Optical Wireless Systems: Approaches to Optical Wireless Coverage
339(1)
What Might Optical Wireless Offer?
339(1)
Constraints and Design Considerations
340(1)
Cellular Architecture
341(1)
Components and Integration Approach to Integration
341(2)
Optoelectronic Device Design
343(1)
Electronic Design
343(1)
Optical Systems Design and System Integration
344(1)
Wavelength-Switching Subsystems
344(8)
2 D MEMS Switches
345(1)
3 D MEMS Switches
346(1)
1 D MEMS-Based Wavelength-Selective Switch
346(1)
1 D MEMS Fabrication
346(1)
Mirror Control
347(1)
Optical Performance
348(1)
Reliability
349(1)
Applications: 1-D MEMS Wavelength Selective Switches
350(1)
Reconfigurable OADM
350(1)
Wavelength Cross-connect
351(1)
Hybrid Optical Cross-connect
352(1)
Optical Storage Area Networks
352(10)
The Light-Trails Solution
353(2)
Light Trails for SAN Extension
355(4)
Light-Trails for Disaster Recovery
359(1)
Grid Computing and Storage Area Networks: The Light-Trails Connection
360(1)
Positioning a Light-Trail Solution for Contemporary SAN Extension
361(1)
Optical Contacting
362(3)
Frit and Diffusion Bonding
362(1)
Optical Contacting Itself
363(1)
Robust Bonds
363(1)
Chemically Activated Direct Bonding
364(1)
Optical Automotive Systems
365(4)
The Evolving Automobile
365(1)
Media-Oriented Systems Transport
366(1)
1394 Networks
367(1)
Byteflight
367(1)
A Slow Spread Likely
368(1)
Optical Computing
369(2)
Summary and Conclusions
371(3)
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
374(41)
Summary
374(11)
Optical Layer Survivability: Why and Why Not
374(2)
What Has Been Deployed?
376(1)
The Road Forward
377(1)
Optical Wireless Communications
377(1)
The First-Mile Problem
378(1)
Optical Wireless as a Complement to RF Wireless
379(1)
Frequently Asked Questions
380(1)
Optical Wireless System Eye Safety
380(1)
The Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Links
381(1)
Free-Space Optical Wireless Links with Topology Control
382(1)
Topology Discovery and Monitoring
382(1)
Topology Change and the Decision-Making Process
383(1)
Topology Reconfiguration: A Free-Space Optical Example
383(1)
Experimental Results
384(1)
Conclusion
385(6)
Advances in OPXC Technologies
385(1)
The Photonic MPLS Router
386(1)
Practical OPXC
386(1)
The PLC-SW as the Key OPXC Component
386(2)
Optical Parametric Amplification
388(1)
Basic Concepts
388(1)
Variations on a Theme
389(2)
Applications
391(1)
Recommendations
391(24)
Laser-Diode Modules
392(1)
Thermoelectric Cooler
393(2)
Thermistor
395(1)
Photodiode
396(1)
Receiver Modules
397(1)
Parallel Optical Interconnects
398(1)
System Needs
399(1)
Technology Solutions
400(3)
Challenges and Comparisons
403(1)
Scalability for the Future
404(1)
Optical Storage Area Networks
405(1)
Storage Area Network Extension Solutions
406(1)
Reliability Analysis
407(8)
Appendix: Optical Ethernet Enterprise Case Study
415(10)
Customer Profile
416(2)
Present Mode of Operation
418(1)
Future Mode of Operation
419(2)
FMO 1: Grow the Existing Managed ATM Service
419(1)
FMO 2: Managed Optical Ethernet Service
420(1)
Comparing the Alternatives
421(2)
Capability Comparison: Bandwidth Scalability
421(1)
Improved Network Performance
421(1)
Simplicity
421(1)
Flexibility
422(1)
Total Cost of Network Ownership Analysis
422(1)
Summary and Conclusions
423(2)
Glossary 425(28)
Index 453

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