The Organic Chemistry Lab Survival Guide,9780471387329

The Organic Chemistry Lab Survival Guide

by
ISBN13: 9780471387329
ISBN10: 0471387320
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2000-08-01
Publisher(s): John Wiley & Sons Inc
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List Price: $57.78

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Summary

A paperback guide to the basic techniques of the organic chemistry lab. Zubrick includes practical lab advice presented with clarity and humor. The book describes the instruments and techniques used in organic chemistry lab. Diagrams show the reader how to make measurements, set up labs and perform meaningful experiments.

Table of Contents

Safety First, Last, and Always
1(8)
Accidents Will Not Happen
4(1)
Disposing of Waste
4(4)
Mixed Waste
6(2)
Keeping a Notebook
8(11)
A Technique Experiment
9(3)
Notebook Notes
10(2)
A Synthesis Experiment
12(6)
Notebook Notes
14(4)
The Acid Test
18(1)
Interpreting a Handbook
19(13)
CRC Handbook
19(4)
Entry: 1-Bromobutane
19(2)
Entry: Benzoic Acid
21(2)
Lange's
23(2)
Entry: 1-Bromobutane
23(1)
Entry: Benzoic Acid
24(1)
Merck Index
25(3)
Entry: 1-Bromobutane
25(3)
Entry: Benzoic Acid
28(1)
The Aldrich Catalog
28(3)
Entry: 1-Bromobutane
29(1)
Entry: Benzoic Acid
30(1)
Not Clear-Clear?
31(1)
Info on the Internet
31(1)
Jointware
32(12)
Stoppers with Only One Number
32(1)
Another Episode of Love of Laboratory
33(2)
Hall of Blunders and Things Not Quite Right
35(4)
Round-Bottom Flasks
35(1)
Columns and Condensers
36(1)
The Adapter with Lots of Names
36(2)
Forgetting the Glass
38(1)
Inserting Adapter Upside Down
39(1)
Inserting Adapter Upside Down sans Glass
39(1)
Greasing the Joints
39(2)
To Grease or Not to Grease
39(1)
Preparation of the Joints
40(1)
Into the Grease Pit
40(1)
Storing Stuff and Sticking Stoppers
41(1)
Corking a Vessel
41(2)
The Cork Press
43(1)
The O-Ring & Cap Branch Out
43(1)
Microscale Jointware
44(11)
Microscale: A Few Words
44(1)
Uh-Oh Rings
45(1)
The O-Ring Cap Seal
45(2)
Sizing Up the Situation
46(1)
Why I Don't Really Know How Vacuum Tight These Seals Are
47(1)
The Comical Vial (That's Conical!)
47(4)
The Conical Vial as Vial
48(1)
Packaging Oops
49(1)
Tare to the Analytical Balance
49(1)
The Electronic Analytical Balance
49(1)
Heating These Vials
50(1)
The Microscale Drying Tube
51(1)
Gas Collection Apparatus
51(4)
Generating the Gas
52(2)
Isolating the Product
54(1)
Other Interesting Equipment
55(2)
Pipet Tips
57(6)
Pre-preparing Pasteur Pipets
57(3)
Calibration
57(1)
Operation
57(1)
Amelioration
58(2)
Pipet Cutting
60(1)
Pipet Filtering-Liquids
60(1)
Pipet Filtering-Solids
61(2)
Syringes, Needles, and Septa
63(3)
The Rubber Septum
65(1)
Clean and Dry
66(2)
Drying Your Glassware When You Don't Need To
66(1)
Drying Your Glassware When You Need To
67(1)
Drying Agents
68(3)
Typical Drying Agents
68(1)
Using a Drying Agent
69(1)
Following Directions and Losing Product Anyway
69(1)
Drying Agents: Microscale
70(1)
On Products
71(2)
Solid Product Problems
71(1)
Liquid Product Problems
71(1)
The Sample Vial
72(1)
Hold It! Don't Touch That Vial
72(1)
The Melting Point Experiment
73(16)
Sample Preparation
74(2)
Loading the Melting Point Tube
74(1)
Closing Off Melting Point Tubes
75(1)
Melting Point Hints
76(1)
The Mel-Temp Apparatus
76(1)
Operation of the Mel-Temp Apparatus
76(3)
The Fisher-Johns Apparatus
79(1)
Operation of the Fisher-Johns Apparatus
79(1)
The Thomas-Hoover Apparatus
80(2)
Operation of the Thomas-Hoover Apparatus
82(3)
Using the Thiele Tube
85(4)
Cleaning the Tube
85(1)
Getting the Sample Ready
85(2)
Dunking the Melting Point Tube
87(1)
Heating the Sample
87(2)
Recrystallization
89(15)
Finding a Good Solvent
90(1)
General Guidelines for a Recrystallization
90(1)
Gravity Filtration
91(3)
The Buchner Funnel and Filter Flask
94(2)
Just a Note
96(1)
The Hirsch Funnel and Friends
96(1)
Activated Charcoal
97(1)
The Water Aspirator: A Vacuum Source
97(2)
The Water Trap
99(1)
Working with a Mixed-Solvent System---The Good Part
100(1)
The Ethanol-Water System
100(1)
A Mixed-Solvent System---The Bad Part
101(1)
Salting Out
101(1)
World Famous Fan-Folded Fluted Paper
102(2)
Recrystallization: Microscale
104(6)
Isolating the Crystals
105(1)
Craig Tube Filtration
105(3)
Centrifuging the Craig Tube
108(2)
Getting the Crystals Out
109(1)
Extraction and Washing
110(13)
Never-Ever Land
111(1)
Starting an Extraction
111(1)
Dutch Uncle Advice
112(1)
The Separatory Funnel
113(3)
The Stopper
113(1)
The Glass Stopcock
114(1)
The Teflon Stopcock
115(1)
The Stem
116(1)
Washing and Extracting Various Things
116(1)
How to Extract and Wash What
117(6)
The Road to Recovery---Back-Extraction
118(1)
A Sample Extraction
118(2)
Performing an Extraction or Washing
120(2)
Extraction Hints
122(1)
Extraction and Washing: Microscale
123(3)
Mixing
123(1)
Separation: Removing the Bottom Layer
123(1)
Separation: Removing the Top Layer
124(2)
And Now---Boiling Stones
126(1)
Sources of Heat
127(8)
The Steam Bath
127(1)
The Bunsen Burner
128(2)
Burner Hints
129(1)
The Heating Mantle
130(2)
Proportional Heaters and Stepless Controllers
132(3)
Clamps and Clamping
135(9)
Clamping a Distillation Setup
137(4)
Clipping a Distillation Setup
141(3)
Distillation
144(23)
Distillation Notes
145(3)
Simple Distillation
145(1)
Sources of Heat
146(1)
The Three-Way Adapter
146(1)
The Distilling Flask
146(1)
The Thermometer Adapter
147(1)
The Ubiquitous Clamp
147(1)
The Thermometer
147(1)
The Condenser
147(1)
The Vacuum Adapter
148(1)
The Receiving Flask
148(1)
The Ice Bath
148(1)
The Distillation Example
148(1)
The Distillation Mistake
149(13)
Vacuum Distillation
150(1)
Pressure Measurement
150(2)
Manometer Hints
152(1)
Leaks
152(1)
Pressure and Temperature Corrections
153(2)
Vacuum Distillation Notes
155(3)
Fractional Distillation
158(1)
How This Works
158(3)
Fractional Distillation Notes
161(1)
Azeotropes
162(2)
Steam Distillation
162(1)
External Steam Distillation
162(1)
Internal Steam Distillation
163(1)
Steam Distillation Notes
164(3)
Microscale Distillation
167(4)
Like the Big Guy
167(1)
Simple Distillation
167(1)
Vacuum Distillation
167(1)
Fractional Distillation
168(1)
Steam Distillation
168(1)
Microscale Distillation II: The Hickman Still
168(3)
The Hickman Still Setup
168(1)
Hickman Still Heating
169(1)
Recovering Your Product
170(1)
Reflux & Addition
171(7)
Standard Reflux
171(1)
A Dry Reflux
172(2)
Addition and Reflux
174(4)
Funnel Fun
174(1)
How to Set Up
175(3)
Reflux: Microscale
178(2)
Addition and Reflux: Microscale
178(2)
Sublimation
180(2)
Microscale Boiling Point
182(3)
Microscale BP
182(1)
Ultramicroscale BP
183(2)
Chromatography: Some Generalities
185(3)
Adsorbents
185(1)
Separation or Development
185(1)
The Eluatropic Series
186(2)
Thin-Layer Chromatography: TLC
188(11)
Preparation of TLC Plates
188(2)
Pre-prepared TLC Plates
189(1)
The Plate Spotter
190(1)
Spotting the Plates
190(1)
Developing a Plate
191(2)
Visualization
193(1)
Interpretation
193(2)
Multiple Spotting
195(1)
Cospotting
196(1)
Other TLC Problems
196(2)
Preparative TLC
198(1)
Wet-Column Chromatography
199(7)
Preparing the Column
199(2)
Compounds on the Column
201(1)
Visualization and Collection
202(1)
Wet-Column Chromatography: Microscale
203(1)
Flash Chromatography
204(1)
Microscale Flash Chromatography
205(1)
Refractometry
206(5)
The Abbe Refractometer
207(1)
Using the Abbe Refractometer
208(1)
Refractometry Hints
209(2)
Instrumentation in the Lab
211(2)
Gas Chromatography
213(9)
The Mobile Phase: Gas
213(1)
GC Sample Preparation
213(1)
GC Sample Introduction
214(2)
Sample in the Column
216(1)
Sample at the Detector
216(2)
Electronic Interlude
218(1)
Sample on the Chart Recorder
219(1)
Sample on the Computer Recorder
220(1)
Parameters, Parameters
220(2)
Gas Flow Rate
220(1)
Temperature
220(2)
HP Liquid Chromatography
222(9)
The Mobile Phase: Liquid
222(4)
A Bubble Trap
224(1)
The Pump
224(1)
The Pulse Dampener
224(2)
HPLC Sample Preparation
226(1)
HPLC Sample Introduction
227(1)
Sample in the Column
228(1)
Sample at the Detector
228(1)
Sample on the Chart Recorder
229(1)
Sample on the Computer Recorder
230(1)
Parameters, Parameters
230(1)
Eluent Flow Rate
230(1)
Temperature
230(1)
Eluent Composition
230(1)
Infrared Spectroscopy
231(23)
Infrared Sample Preparation
235(5)
Liquid Samples
235(1)
Solid Samples
236(1)
The Nujol Mull
236(2)
Solid KBr Methods
238(1)
Preparing the Solid Solution
238(1)
Pressing a KBr Disk---The Minipress
238(1)
Pressing a KBr Disk---The Hydraulic Press
239(1)
Running the Spectrum
240(2)
The Perkin-Elmer 710B IR
242(2)
Using the Perkin-Elmer 710B
244(2)
The 100% Control: An Important Aside
244(2)
Calibration of the Spectrum
246(2)
IR Spectra: The Finishing Touches
248(1)
Interpreting IRs
248(1)
The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
249(5)
The Optical System
249(5)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
254(10)
Liquid Sample Preparation
254(2)
Solid Samples
256(1)
Protonless Solvents
256(1)
Deuterated Solvents
257(1)
FT-NMR Sample Preparation
257(1)
Some NMR Interpretation
258(6)
The Zero Point
258(1)
The Chemical Shift
258(3)
Some Anisotropy
261(1)
Spin-Spin Splitting
261(2)
Integration
263(1)
A Final Note
263(1)
Theory of Distillation
264(17)
Simple Distillation
264(1)
Clausius and Clapeyron
265(2)
Fractional Distillation
267(1)
A Hint from Dalton
267(1)
Dalton and Raoult
268(1)
A Little Algebra
268(1)
Clausius and Clapeyron Meet Dalton and Raoult
269(1)
Dalton Again
270(1)
What Does It All Mean?
271(3)
Reality Intrudes I: Changing Composition
274(1)
Reality Intrudes II: Nonequilibrium Conditions
275(1)
Reality Intrudes III: Azeotropes
275(3)
Minimum-Boiling Azeotropes
276(1)
Maximum-Boiling Azeotropes
277(1)
Azeotropes on Purpose
277(1)
Other Deviations
278(3)
Steam Distillation
279(2)
Theory of Extraction
281(3)
Index 284

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