Organic Electroluminescence,9780824759063

Organic Electroluminescence

by ;
ISBN13: 9780824759063
ISBN10: 0824759060
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-05-20
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $256.79

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Summary

An overview of the the field of organic light-emitting materials and devices, this book discusses the principles of electroluminescence in organic thin films, as well as recent trends, current applications, and future potential uses. The book covers state-of-the-art concepts and technologies such as fluorescent and phosphorescent OLEDs, various approaches for patterning organics, and active matrix organic emissive displays including their back panel thin film transistors and pixel electronics. It explores future directions for OLEDs in organic light-emitting displays, large area distributed solid state light sources, and lasers using organic thin films, nanostructures, and photonic crystals.

Table of Contents

Electroluminescence in Small Molecules
1(22)
Tetsuo Tsutsui
Introduction
1(2)
Recombination and Emission in Bulk
3(2)
Multilayer Structures
5(1)
Design of Hole Transport, Electron Transport, and Emissive Molecules
6(3)
EL Quantum Efficiency and Power Conversion Efficiency
9(8)
Concluding Remarks
17(6)
References
18(5)
Emission Mechanisms in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
23(90)
Jan Kalinowski
Introduction
24(1)
History and Basic Concepts
25(19)
Early Observations
25(2)
Types of Electroluminescence
27(3)
Light Output from Powder-Type EL Cells
30(2)
Performance
32(1)
Single-Crystal EL Structures
33(3)
EL from Single-Layer Film Structures
36(3)
Polymer Single-Layer LEDs
39(2)
Double- and Multilayer LEDs
41(3)
Recombination Electroluminescence
44(14)
Types of Charge Recombination
44(5)
Experimental Manifestation of Different Recombination Mechanisms
49(9)
The Nature of Emissive States
58(8)
Injection Currents
66(8)
Injection-Limited Currents (ILC)
66(4)
Diffusion-Controlled Current (DCC)
70(1)
Space-Charge-Limited Current (SCLC)
71(1)
Double Injection
72(2)
EL Quantum Efficiency
74(27)
Basic Definitions
74(2)
Steady-State EL
76(7)
Field Dependence of the EL QE
83(18)
Final Remarks
101(12)
Acknowledgments
103(1)
References
103(10)
Physical Properties of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes in Space Charge--Limited Conduction Regime
113(34)
Jun Shen
Zhiliang Cao
Introduction
114(2)
Characteristics of Trap Charge--Limited Conduction
116(8)
Effects of Doping
124(5)
Effects of Discrete Traps
129(4)
Heterojunction Device
133(6)
Summary
139(8)
Acknowledgments
139(1)
Appendix: Theoretical Models
139(3)
References
142(5)
Amorphous Molecular Materials for Carrier Injection and Transport
147(32)
Yasuhiko Shirota
Introduction
147(2)
Amorphous Molecular Materials
149(4)
Hole-Transporting Amorphous Molecular Materials
153(7)
Electron-Transporting Amorphous Molecular Materials
160(5)
Hole-Blocking Amorphous Molecular Materials
165(3)
Charge Transport in Amorphous Molecular Materials
168(11)
References
172(7)
Chemistry of Electroluminescent Conjugated Polymers
179(88)
Bin Liu
Guillermo C. Bazan
Introduction
181(1)
Structure-Property Relationship of Conjugated Polymers
182(41)
Poly(p-Phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs)
182(1)
Unsubstituted PPVs
182(1)
Alkyl- and Alkoxy-Substituted PPVs
183(4)
PPV Backbone Modifications
187(13)
Control of Conjugation Length in PPVs
200(1)
Oligomer Approach
201(3)
Poly(Phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs)
204(1)
Poly(p-Phenylene)s (PPPs)
205(1)
Substituted PPPs and Copolymers
205(1)
Copolymers Containing Oligophenylene and Olefin Units
206(1)
Water-Soluble PPPs
207(1)
Ladder-Structure PPPs
208(2)
Polyfluorenes (PFs)
210(1)
PF Homopolymers
210(1)
Strategies to Minimize Excimer Emission
211(3)
PF Copolymers
214(4)
Polythiophenes (PTs)
218(2)
Conjugated Polymers with Electron-Deficient Heterocyclic Units
220(1)
Polymers with Side Chain Chromophores
221(2)
Survey of the Synthetic Chemistry for Electroluminescent Polymers
223(25)
Historically Relevant Reactions
223(1)
FeCl3-Catalyzed Condensation Polymerization
223(1)
Friedel--Crafts Polymerization
224(1)
Metal-Mediated Polycondensation Reactions
224(1)
Polycondensation of Organomagnesium Monomers
224(1)
The McCullough Method for PTs
225(1)
The Rieke Method for PTs
225(1)
The Heck Reaction
226(2)
The Suzuki Reaction
228(5)
The Stille Coupling Reaction
233(1)
The McMurry Reaction
234(1)
The Sonogashira--Hagihara Reaction
235(1)
Metathesis Polymerization
236(1)
Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Polymerization
236(2)
Ring Opening Olefin Metathesis Polymerization
238(1)
Wittig and Wittig--Horner Reactions
238(3)
The Knoevenagel Reaction
241(1)
The Wessling Method
242(2)
Dehydrohalogenation Condensation Polymerization
244(3)
Reductive Polymerization
247(1)
Yamamoto-Type Aryl--Aryl Coupling
247(1)
Ullmann Coupling Reaction
248(1)
Overall Perspective and Future Challenges
248(19)
References
249(18)
Organic Electrophosphorescence
267(40)
Marc A. Baldo
Stephen R. Forrest
Mark E. Thompson
Introduction
267(1)
Power Efficiency
268(4)
The Structure and Operation of OLEDs
272(2)
Electrophosphorescent Devices
274(12)
Iridium Complexes: The Second Generation of Phosphors
286(10)
Reliability of Electrophosphorescent Devices
296(3)
Conclusions
299(8)
References
301(6)
Patterning of OLED Device Materials
307(48)
Martin B. Wolk
Introduction
308(1)
Alternatives to Patterning OLED Materials
309(1)
Patterning Issues
310(14)
Material Type
310(1)
Device Design
311(1)
Pixel Array Pattern
312(3)
Display Format
315(2)
Substrate Size
317(4)
Placement Accuracy
321(1)
Takt-Time
322(1)
Defect Density
323(1)
Summary of Patterning Issues
323(1)
Advanced Patterning Methods
324(14)
Shadow Mask
324(2)
Inkjet Printing
326(5)
Laser Thermal Printing
331(7)
Other Patterning Methods
338(7)
Laser-Induced Dye Sublimation and Dye Diffusion
338(3)
Photolithography
341(1)
Other Methods
342(1)
Soft Lithography
342(1)
Organic Vapor Jet Printing
343(1)
Screen Printing
343(1)
Die Coating
344(1)
Conclusion
345(10)
Acknowledgments
347(1)
References
347(8)
AMOLED Display Pixel Electronics
355(36)
Matias Troccoli
Miltiadis K. Hatalis
Apostolos T. Voutsas
Introduction
356(1)
General Circuit Considerations
357(17)
OLED Characteristics
357(5)
Passive Matrix and Active Matrix Addressing
362(4)
Active Matrix OLED
366(1)
Amorphous and Polysilicon TFT
366(3)
Voltage and Current Programming
369(3)
AMOLED Pixel Circuit Design Guidelines
372(2)
AMOLED TFT Pixel Circuit Examples
374(9)
Voltage Addressed Pixel Circuit with 2TFTs
375(2)
Voltage Addressed Threshold Voltage Compensation Circuit
377(2)
Current Copy Pixel Circuit with 4TFTs
379(2)
Amorphous Silicon Current Addressed Pixel
381(1)
Amorphous Silicon Threshold Voltage Compensation Circuit
382(1)
Amorphous Silicon Voltage Addressed Circuit
382(1)
Pixel Layouts and Fabrication
383(6)
Pixel Layouts and Device Sizing
383(2)
TFT Fabrication
385(4)
Summary
389(2)
References
389(2)
Past, Present, and Future Directions of Organic Electroluminescent Displays
391(46)
Takeo Wakimoto
Introduction
392(2)
Present State of OLED Products
394(12)
Monochrome Dot-Matrix Display
394(1)
Cathode Micropatterning Method
395(2)
The Cell Characteristics and Specifications of the Dot-Matrix Display
397(1)
Driving Circuit for the Dot-Matrix Display
398(1)
Stability of the Dot-Matrix Display
399(3)
High Contrast Display
402(3)
Multiple-Color Displays
405(1)
Full-Color Display
406(13)
White OLED Backlight with Color Filter
406(2)
Blue OLED Backlight with the CCM
408(1)
Stacked OLEDs (SOLEDs)
408(1)
Ink-Jet Printing Method
408(1)
Patterned Lateral RGB Emitters
409(1)
Substrate Structure of the Display
409(1)
Selective Deposition of RGB Organic Materials
409(2)
Driving Method of a Full-Color OLED Display
411(1)
Optimization of the OLED Cell Structure
411(6)
Specifications for a Full-Color OLED Display
417(2)
Future Applications and Future Directions of OLEDs
419(18)
OLEDs for High-Picture-Quality Display
419(2)
OLEDs for Displays with High Liveliness
421(1)
OLEDs for Portable Applications
421(1)
Low-Power-Consumption Display
421(2)
Ultrathin and Lightweight Displays
423(1)
Phosphorescent Dyes as the Triplet Emitter
423(5)
Passivation Film for OLEDs
428(2)
OLEDs on Polymer Film Substrates
430(3)
References
433(4)
Organic Electroluminescent Devices for Solid State Lighting
437(30)
Anil R. Duggal
Introduction
438(2)
Requirements for an OLED Light Source
440(15)
Illumination-Quality Light
441(1)
Color
441(2)
Color Rendition
443(2)
Efficiency
445(4)
Luminance
449(2)
Lifetime
451(1)
Cost
452(3)
Recent Progress: Illumination Quality Light
455(8)
Outlook
463(4)
References
465(2)
Photoexcited Organic Lasers
467(30)
Ananth Dodabalapur
Introduction
467(1)
Materials
468(6)
Whispering Gallery Mode Lasers
474(3)
Photoexcited DBR and DFB Lasers
477(6)
DFB and DBR Laser Based on Cascade Forster Transfer
483(4)
Novel Fabrication Methods
487(2)
Photonic Crystal Lasers with Organic Gain Media
489(4)
Summary
493(4)
Acknowledgment
494(1)
References
494(3)
Index 497

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