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Pharmacology And Ototoxicity for Audiologists,9781418011307

Pharmacology And Ototoxicity for Audiologists

by
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9781418011307
ISBN10: 1418011304
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-08-25
Publisher(s): CENGAGE Delmar Learning
List Price: $206.45

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Summary

This highly anticipated text is the only publication on pharmacology and ototoxicity written specifically for audiologists. With contributions from leading audiologists, basic scientists, pharmacologists, and otolaryngologists, Pharmacology and Ototoxicity for Audiologists provides both basic and advanced coverage of topics critical to successful clinical practice. Fundamental concepts and terminology of pharmacology, biochemistry of the auditory system, and mechanisms of toxicity are covered, along with specific chapters on drug and noise-induced ototoxicity. This text is absolutely essential for anyone working in the hearing sciences and hearing healthcare.

Table of Contents

Preface iii
About the Author vi
Contributors vii
An Introduction to Pharmacology
1(9)
Michael Meldrum
Introduction
2(1)
Role of Health Professionals
3(1)
Federal Legislation and Drugs
3(2)
Source and Uses of Drugs
4(1)
Names of Drugs
5(1)
General Concepts Concerning Drug Effects
5(3)
Mechanisms of Drug Action
6(1)
Variability in Response
6(2)
Summary
8(1)
Notable Figures in Pharmacology
8(1)
Suggested Readings
9(1)
Pharmacology Textbooks
9(1)
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
10(9)
Jose
A. Rey
Introduction
11(1)
Pharmacodynamics
11(3)
Note to Audiologists
12(2)
Pharmacokinetics
14(3)
Absorption
14(1)
Distribution
15(1)
Metabolism
16(1)
Excretion and Elimination
16(1)
Other Pharmacokinetic Concepts
16(1)
Summary
17(1)
References
18(1)
Pharmacotherapeutics and Patient Factors
19(14)
Tabitha Parent Buck
Henry P. Trahan
O.T. Wendel
Introduction
20(1)
Patient Factors Related to Life Cycle
20(6)
Neonatal and Infant Populations
21(2)
The Geriatric Population
23(3)
Summary of Life Cycle Considerations
26(1)
Patient Factors Related to Diet
26(1)
Case Examples
27(1)
Patient Factors Related to Compliance
27(2)
Improving Compliance
29(1)
Patient Factors Related to Pharmacogenomics
29(2)
Examples of Pharmacogenomics in Use Today
30(1)
Summary
31(1)
References
31(2)
Role of Food and Drug Administration in Drug Development
33(13)
Venkatesh Atul Bhattaram
Rajanikanth Madabushi
Hartmut Derendorf
Introduction
34(1)
Drug Law
34(1)
Food and Drugs Act (1906)
34(1)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
34(1)
Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)
34(1)
Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments (1962)
34(1)
Orphan Drug Act (1983)
34(1)
Waxman-Hatch Act, or Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)
35(1)
Generic Drug Enforcement Act (1992)
35(1)
PDUFA (1992)
35(1)
FDA Modernization Act (1997)
35(1)
Stages of Drug Development and the Role of the FDA
35(6)
Discovery/Preclinical Research
36(1)
Clinical Development Phase
36(3)
Manufacturing/Postmarketing Development
39(2)
Other Topics
41(1)
Advisory Committee Meetings
41(1)
Subpart H Regulation
42(1)
Parallel Track
42(1)
Critical Path Initiative
42(1)
Summary
42(1)
References
43(3)
Common Classes of Drugs Used in Otolaryngologic Practice
46(11)
Amir Rafii
Karen Doyle
Introduction
47(1)
Allergic Rhinitis
47(1)
Intranasal Corticosteroids
47(1)
Antihistamines
47(1)
Decongestants
48(1)
Mast Cell Stabilizers
48(1)
Head and Neck Infections
48(2)
Otitis Externa
49(1)
Otitis Media
49(1)
Sinusitis
49(1)
Tonsillitis
49(1)
Epiglottitis
50(1)
Deep Neck Space Infections
50(1)
Beta Lactams: Penicillins and Cephalosporins
50(1)
Types of Penicillins
50(1)
Cephalosporins
51(1)
Other Beta-Lactams
51(1)
Aminoglycosides
51(1)
Macrolides
52(1)
Clindamycin
52(1)
Metronidazole
52(1)
Fluoroquinolones
52(1)
Vancomycin
52(1)
Sulfonamides
52(1)
Inflammatory Diseases
53(1)
Meniere's Disease
53(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
54(1)
Summary
54(1)
References
54(3)
Nutraceuticals and Herbal Supplements
57(13)
Michael D. Seidman
Marie Moneysmith
Introduction
58(1)
East Meets West in Complementary and Integrative Medicine
58(1)
The Rise of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
58(3)
The Holistic Approach
58(2)
Following the Money: NIH Funding for CIM versus Non-CIM Research
60(1)
Blending Conventional Medicine with CIM
60(1)
Supplements and the Law
61(5)
Drawbacks and Downsides of Herbs
61(4)
Putting Herbs in Perspective
65(1)
The ABCs of Supplements
66(1)
To Supplement or Not to Supplement?
66(1)
Food: Friend and Foe
67(1)
Hearing and CIM
67(1)
Protecting Hearing with Antioxidants
67(1)
Calorie Restriction Enhances Effects
67(1)
Making Sense of Studies
68(1)
Results May Vary
68(1)
Summary
68(1)
References
69(1)
Mechanisms of Toxicity in the Cochlea (Including Physical, Free Radical: Oxidative and Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms, Protein Interactions, and Defense Mechanisms)
70(16)
Jing Wang
Jean-Luc Puel
Richard Bobbin
Introduction
71(1)
Mechanisms of Cell Death
71(1)
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and Caspases
71(1)
Apoptosis and Death Signaling Pathways
72(3)
Death Receptor Apoptosis Pathway
72(1)
Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway
72(2)
Role of Death Receptor and Mitochondrial Pathways in the Cochlea
74(1)
JNK Signaling Pathway
75(3)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
78(1)
Calcium, Calpains, and Cathepsins
79(1)
Summary
80(1)
References
81(5)
Biochemical Bases of Hearing
86(38)
Sandra L. McFadden
Introduction
87(1)
Auditory System Anatomy and Physiology
87(15)
Afferent Pathways
87(12)
The Efferent Pathways
99(3)
Cochlear Transduction
102(9)
Resting Potentials (RPs) of the Cochlea
103(2)
Hair Cell Mechanoelectrical Transduction
105(3)
Hair Cell Electrochemical Transduction and Spiral Ganglion
108(1)
Neuron (SGN) Activity Stimulus Evoked Potentials (EVPs)
108(3)
Neural Electrochemical Signaling
111(6)
Myelin
114(2)
Neurochemicals and Neurotransmitters (NTs)
116(1)
Summary
117(1)
References
118(6)
Infection Control in the Audiology Clinic
124(14)
A. U. Bankaitis
Robert J. Kemp
Introduction
125(1)
Microbiology
125(2)
Viruses
125(1)
Bacteria
125(1)
Fungi
126(1)
Parasites
126(1)
Prions
127(1)
Requisites for Potential Disease Transmission
127(2)
Mode of Transmission
127(2)
Route of Transmission
129(1)
Infection Control
129(6)
Relevance of Infection Control to Audiology
129(4)
Infection Control Principles
133(2)
Summary
135(1)
References
136(2)
Cancer and Ototoxicity of Chemotherapeutics
138(25)
Leonard P. Rybak
Introduction
139(1)
Understanding Cancer
139(2)
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
139(1)
Tumor Growth
140(1)
Types of Chemotherapeutic Agents
140(1)
Cisplatin
141(4)
Structure and Pharmacokinetics
141(1)
Clinical Considerations
141(3)
Mechanisms of Cisplatin Ototoxicity
144(1)
Carboplatin
145(2)
Toxicity Profile
146(1)
Ototoxicity in Experimental Animals
146(1)
Vinca Alkaloids
147(2)
Vinblastine
147(1)
Vincristine
148(1)
Vinorelbine
149(1)
Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)
149(5)
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use
149(2)
Toxicity Profile
151(3)
Summary
154(1)
References
155(8)
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
163(14)
Jochen Schacht
Introduction
164(1)
Structure and Activity of Aminoglycosides
164(1)
Other ``Micin'' Drugs
165(1)
Auditory and Vestibular Pathology and Pathophysiology of Aminoglycosides
165(2)
Incidence of Ototoxicity
167(1)
Risk Factors
167(1)
Pharmacokinetics
168(1)
Molecular Mechanisms of Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity
168(2)
Is Prevention of Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity Possible?
170(1)
Outlook
171(1)
Summary
171(1)
References
172(5)
Renal Function and Ototoxicity of Loop Diuretics
177(10)
Leonard P. Rybak
Introduction
178(1)
Mechanism of Diuretic Action
178(1)
Pharmacokinetics
178(2)
Ototoxicity
180(1)
Ethacrynic Acid
180(1)
Furosemide
180(1)
Bumetanide
181(1)
Torsemide
181(1)
Mechanisms of Ototoxicity
181(1)
Clinical Studies of Ototoxicity
182(1)
Ethacrynic Acid
182(1)
Furosemide
182(1)
Bumetanide
183(1)
Torsemide
183(1)
Summary
183(1)
References
183(4)
Other Ototoxins: Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Quinine, and Macrolides
187(10)
Brenda L. Lonsbury-Martin
Glen K. Martin
Introduction
188(1)
Salicylates and Nonaspirin NSAIDs and Acetaminophen
188(2)
Salicylates
189(1)
Nonaspirin NSAIDs
189(1)
Acetaminophen
190(1)
Quinine
190(1)
Macrolide Antibiotics
191(1)
Vancomycin and Newer Compounds
192(1)
Mechanism of Ototoxicity
192(1)
Summary
193(1)
References
194(3)
Industrial Chemicals and Solvents Affecting the Auditory System
197(19)
Benoit Pouyatos
Laurence D. Fechter
Introduction
198(1)
Chemical Asphyxiants and Hypoxia
199(1)
Carbon Monoxide
199(1)
Cyanide
200(1)
Metals
200(1)
Lead
200(1)
Mercury
201(1)
Manganese
201(1)
Organic Solvents
201(8)
Styrene
202(3)
Toluene
205(1)
Ethyl Benzene
206(1)
Xylene
207(1)
Trichloroethylene
208(1)
n-Hexane
208(1)
Acrylonitrile
209(1)
Summary
210(1)
References
210(6)
Cellular Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
216(14)
Donald Henderson
Bohua Hu
Eric Bielefeld
Thomas Nicotera
Introduction
217(1)
Pathology of NIHL
217(10)
Noise as a Stressor to the Cochlea
221(6)
Summary
227(1)
References
227(3)
Audiologic Monitoring for Ototoxicity and Patient Management
230(22)
Stephen A. Fausti
Wendy J. Helt
Jane S. Gordon
Kelly M. Reavis
David S. Phillips
Dawn L. Konrad-Martin
Introduction
231(1)
Hearing Loss: Early Identification and Prevention
231(1)
Criteria for Hearing Change
232(1)
Ultra-High Frequency Testing
233(1)
Considerations Prior to Program Implementation
234(5)
Determining Program Goals
234(1)
Determining Target Population
234(1)
Individualized Serial Monitoring Protocol
235(1)
Objective Measures of Ototoxicity
236(3)
Implementing a Hospital Ototoxicity Monitoring Program
239(8)
Test Location and Equipment
239(1)
Patient Identification
239(1)
Patient Testing
240(3)
Patient Counseling
243(1)
Report to Physician
243(4)
Patient Tracking
247(1)
Summary
247(1)
References
248(4)
Vestibular Ototoxicity
252(20)
F. Owen Black
Susan Pesznecker
Introduction
253(1)
Introduction to Vestibular Ototoxicity
253(1)
Causes and Mechanisms of Vestibular Ototoxicity
254(1)
The Natural History of Vestibular Ototoxicity
255(1)
Factors Predisposing to Vestibular Ototoxicity
256(1)
Subjective Complaints (Symptoms) of Vestibular Ototoxicity
257(1)
Detection and Monitoring of Ototoxicity
258(8)
Administration of Ototoxic Medications
264(1)
Recovery from Vestibular Ototoxicity
264(1)
Prevention of Vestibular Ototoxicity
265(1)
Management of Vestibular Ototoxicity
266(1)
Summary
266(1)
References
267(5)
Audiologic Findings in Vestibular Toxicity
272(15)
Jaynee A. Handelsman
Introduction
273(1)
Clinical Features of Vestibular Toxicity
273(1)
Evaluation Tools
274(3)
Bedside Tests
274(1)
Laboratory Tests
275(2)
Assessment of Handicap / Disability
277(1)
Recent Data Regarding Vestibular Ototoxicity
277(1)
Case Reports
278(5)
Case 1
278(2)
Case 2
280(1)
Case 3
280(2)
Case 4
282(1)
Summary
283(3)
References
286(1)
Otoprotective Agents
287(14)
Kathleen C.M. Campbell
Leonard P. Rybak
Introduction
288(1)
Mechanisms of Otoprotective Agents
289(1)
Protective Agents for Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity
290(2)
Protective Agents for CDDP Ototoxicity
292(1)
Protective Agents for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
293(2)
Summary
295(1)
References
296(5)
Regeneration of Hair Cells
301(19)
Brenda M. Ryals
Jonathan I. Matsui
Douglas A. Cotanche
Introduction
302(1)
Regenerating Hair Cells in Birds
302(2)
Precursor Cells in the Mammalian Cochlea
304(1)
Cell Cycle
305(3)
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
306(2)
Cell Fate Determination
308(3)
Genetic Controls
309(1)
Cell-Cell Interaction and Notch Signaling
310(1)
Stem Cells and Hair Cell Regeneration
311(1)
Can Regenerated Hair Cells Restore Functional Hearing and Balance?
312(2)
Summary
314(1)
References
315(5)
From Pharmacology to Function: Using Drugs as Tools to Dissect the Cochlea
320(21)
Sharon G. Kujawa
William F. Sewell
Introduction
321(1)
Sites, Mechanisms, and Consequences of Drug Action
321(5)
Receptors
321(1)
Receptors as Drug Targets
322(4)
Pharmacologic Tools and Their Actions in the Cochlea
326(10)
Chemical Composition of Cochlear Fluids
326(1)
Getting Drugs to Inner Ear Targets
327(2)
Monitoring Drug Effects on Cochlear Function
329(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: Drugs That Affect the Cochlear Battery
330(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: Drugs That Affect Hair Cells
330(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: Drugs That Affect Afferent Synaptic Transmission
331(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: Drugs That Affect Efferent Synaptic Transmission
331(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: Where Is This Drug Acting?
332(1)
Perturbing Hearing Function: The Pharmacology of Contralateral Suppression of DPOAEs
333(2)
New Tools to Dissect Function
335(1)
Summary
336(1)
References
336(5)
Staying Current: Web Sites and Resources for Pharmaceutical Information
341(26)
Robert M. Disogra
Introduction
342(1)
Getting to Where You Want to Go Fast
342(1)
Internet Web Site Basics
342(21)
Drug Manufacturers' Web Sites
343(2)
Important Web Sites and Sources of Information
345(2)
Pharmacopeias
347(1)
Are Your Patients Involved in a Clinical Study?
347(2)
International Organizations and Associations
349(1)
Pharmaceutical Industry
350(1)
Professional Web Sites
351(1)
Commercial Web Sites
352(4)
Ototoxicity / Vestibulotoxicity Web Sites
356(1)
Hearing Loss Resources for Consumers
357(5)
Other Sites of Interest
362(1)
Fraud and Quackery
363(1)
Summary
363(4)
Appendix A: Online Resources Summary
364(3)
Glossary 367(25)
Index 392

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