| Preface |
|
xvii | |
| Teaching and Learning Goals |
|
xvii | |
| Organization of the Book |
|
xviii | |
| Distinctive Features |
|
xviii | |
| Ancillary Materials |
|
xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxi | |
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Science, Society, and Social Work Research |
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1 | (26) |
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Reasoning about the Social World |
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2 | (2) |
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Everyday Errors in Reasoning |
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4 | (4) |
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5 | (1) |
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Selective or Inaccurate Observation |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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The Social Scientific Approach |
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8 | (1) |
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Social Work and the Social World |
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9 | (1) |
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The Imperative for Social Work Research |
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10 | (1) |
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Social Work Research in Practice |
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11 | (5) |
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Description: Who Are the Homeless? |
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13 | (1) |
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Exploration: What Is It Like to Live in an Emergency Shelter? |
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14 | (1) |
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Explanation: Why Do People Become Homeless? |
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14 | (1) |
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Evaluation: What Services Help the Homeless? |
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15 | (1) |
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Quantitative and Qualitative Methods |
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16 | (1) |
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Strengths and Limitations of Social Work Research |
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17 | (1) |
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Validity: The Goal of Social Work Research |
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18 | (4) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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Causal (Internal) Validity |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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26 | (1) |
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The Process and Problems of Social Work Research |
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27 | (36) |
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Social Work Research Questions |
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28 | (3) |
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Identifying Social Work Research Questions |
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28 | (1) |
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Refining Social Work Research Questions |
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29 | (1) |
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Evaluating Social Work Research Questions |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Foundations of Social Work Research |
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31 | (7) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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Social Work Research Strategies |
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38 | (10) |
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The Role of Social Theory |
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38 | (2) |
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The Deductive/Inductive Cycle |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Domestic Violence and the Research Circle |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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An Inductive Approach to Explaining Domestic Violence |
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45 | (1) |
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A Qualitative Exploration of the Response to Domestic Violence |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Philosophies Guiding Social Work Research |
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48 | (2) |
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Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research |
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50 | (3) |
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Social Work Research and Ethical Guidelines |
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53 | (5) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (5) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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61 | (2) |
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Conceptualization and Measurement |
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63 | (38) |
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64 | (5) |
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Conceptualization in Practice |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Concepts, Constants, and Variables |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (7) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Combining Measurement Operations |
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75 | (1) |
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Measurement in Qualitative Research |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (7) |
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Nominal Level of Measurement |
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77 | (1) |
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Ordinal Level of Measurement |
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78 | (2) |
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Interval Level of Measurement |
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80 | (1) |
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Ratio Level of Measurement |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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Comparison of Levels of Measurement |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (11) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Alternate-Forms Reliability |
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87 | (1) |
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Interobserver Reliability |
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87 | (2) |
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Intraobserver Reliability |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Screening and Cut-Off Scores |
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92 | (2) |
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Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity of Existing Measures |
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94 | (2) |
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Choosing an Instrument for Research, Evaluation, and Practice |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (32) |
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102 | (8) |
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Define Sample Components and the Population |
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103 | (2) |
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Evaluate Generalizability |
|
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105 | (1) |
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Assess the Homogeneity of the Population |
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106 | (1) |
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Enhance Sample Representativeness in Diverse Populations |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (13) |
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111 | (1) |
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Probability Sampling Methods |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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Systematic Random Sampling |
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115 | (1) |
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Stratified Random Sampling |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (2) |
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Nonprobability Sampling Methods |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Lessons about Sample Quality |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (4) |
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Estimating Sampling Error |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (5) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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132 | (1) |
|
Causation and Research Design |
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133 | (22) |
|
Nomothetic Causal Explanation |
|
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134 | (1) |
|
Experimental Design and the Criteria for Causal Explanation |
|
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134 | (4) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Nonexperimental Designs and the Criteria for Causal Explanation |
|
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138 | (8) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
|
Repeated Cross-Sectional Designs |
|
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143 | (1) |
|
Fixed-Sample Panel Designs |
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|
143 | (2) |
|
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145 | (1) |
|
Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Individual and Group Units of Analysis |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
Idiographic Causal Explanation |
|
|
149 | (1) |
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Causation in Qualitative Research |
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149 | (2) |
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Explanation in Qualitative Research |
|
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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154 | (1) |
|
Group Experimental Designs |
|
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155 | (30) |
|
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|
156 | (6) |
|
Internal (Causal) Validity |
|
|
156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Treatment Misidentification |
|
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (9) |
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Experimental and Comparison Groups |
|
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
|
Pretest and Posttest Measures |
|
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166 | (1) |
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Types of True Experimental Designs |
|
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166 | (4) |
|
Difficulties in True Experiments in Agency-Based Research |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
The Limits of True Experimental Designs |
|
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (6) |
|
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs |
|
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172 | (2) |
|
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174 | (2) |
|
Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs |
|
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176 | (1) |
|
Common Group Designs for Program Evaluation and Research |
|
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177 | (2) |
|
Types of Nonexperimental Designs |
|
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177 | (2) |
|
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research |
|
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
|
Selective Distribution of Benefits |
|
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (36) |
|
Foundations of Single-Subject Design |
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186 | (7) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Measuring Targets of Intervention |
|
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193 | (2) |
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Analyzing Single-Subject Designs |
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195 | (8) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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Interpreting Visual Patterns |
|
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200 | (2) |
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Problems of Interpretation |
|
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202 | (1) |
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Types of Single-Subject Designs |
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203 | (13) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Multiple Baseline Designs |
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209 | (3) |
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Multiple Treatment Designs |
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212 | (3) |
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Designs for Monitoring Subjects |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (52) |
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Survey Research in Social Work |
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222 | (4) |
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Attractions of Survey Research |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Errors in Survey Research |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (13) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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Minimize the Risk of Bias |
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231 | (1) |
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Use Specific Memory Questions |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Closed-Ended Questions and Response Categories |
|
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234 | (1) |
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Avoid Making Either Disagreement or Agreement Disagreeable |
|
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234 | (1) |
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Avoid Appeals to Social Desirability |
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234 | (1) |
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Minimize Fence-Sitting and Floating |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Single or Multiple Questions |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (7) |
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Maintain Consistent Focus |
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239 | (1) |
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Build on Existing Instruments |
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240 | (1) |
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Refine and Test Questions |
|
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240 | (2) |
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Add Interpretive Questions |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Consider Matrix Questions |
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244 | (2) |
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Make the Questionnaire Attractive |
|
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (20) |
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Mailed Self-Administered Surveys |
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248 | (4) |
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Group-Administered Surveys |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys |
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253 | (5) |
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258 | (1) |
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Balancing Rapport and Control |
|
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258 | (1) |
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Maximizing Response to Interviews |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (1) |
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A Comparison of Survey Designs |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
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Ethical Issues in Survey Research |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (5) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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272 | (1) |
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Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening |
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273 | (32) |
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Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods |
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274 | (5) |
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Case Study: Making Gray Gold |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (14) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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Participation and Observation |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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Developing and Maintaining Relationships |
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285 | (1) |
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Sampling People and Events |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (2) |
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Managing the Personal Dimensions |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership |
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295 | (1) |
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Asking Questions and Recording Answers |
|
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (30) |
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History of Evaluation Research |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (6) |
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Describing the Program: The Logic Model |
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310 | (3) |
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Questions for Evaluation Research |
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313 | (10) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (7) |
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Black Box or Program Theory? |
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323 | (2) |
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Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation? |
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325 | (2) |
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Quantitative or Qualitative Methods? |
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327 | (1) |
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Simple or Complex Outcomes? |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (3) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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334 | (1) |
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Quantitative Data Analysis |
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335 | (44) |
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336 | (1) |
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Preparing Data for Analysis |
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337 | (5) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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Coding Open-Ended Questions |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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Displaying Univariate Distributions |
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342 | (10) |
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343 | (4) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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Combined and Compressed Distributions |
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350 | (2) |
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Summarizing Univariate Distributions |
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352 | (9) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie with Statistics |
|
|
361 | (1) |
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Crosstabulating Variables |
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361 | (13) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (3) |
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Controlling for a Third Variable |
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369 | (1) |
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Case Study: Perceived Health |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie about Relationships |
|
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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|
377 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Data Analysis and Content Analysis |
|
|
379 | (30) |
|
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
380 | (6) |
|
Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Research Questions for Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
386 | (8) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing |
|
|
387 | (2) |
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Examining Relationships and Displaying Data |
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389 | (2) |
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Authenticating Conclusions |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (1) |
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Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis |
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394 | (5) |
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394 | (1) |
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Qualitative Comparative Analysis |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis |
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399 | (3) |
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402 | (4) |
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Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (22) |
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Social Work Research Proposals |
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409 | (7) |
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Case Study: Treating Substance Abuse |
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412 | (4) |
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Comparing Research Designs |
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416 | (5) |
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419 | (1) |
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Case Study: Is Social Work Practice Effective? |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (4) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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Ethics, Politics, and Research Reports |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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Developing a Research Proposal |
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|
430 | (1) |
| Appendix A: Summaries of Frequently Cited Research Articles |
|
431 | (10) |
| Appendix B: Questions to Ask about a Research Article |
|
441 | (3) |
| Appendix C: How to Read a Research Article |
|
444 | (19) |
| Appendix D: Finding Information |
|
463 | (4) |
| Appendix E: Table of Random Numbers |
|
467 | (4) |
| Appendix F: Annotated List of Web Sites |
|
471 | (7) |
| Appendix G: Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers |
|
478 | (21) |
| References |
|
499 | (18) |
| Glossary/Index |
|
517 | (37) |
| About the Authors |
|
554 | |