| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| I CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS |
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1 | (206) |
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General Principles of Toxicology |
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3 | (32) |
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Basic Definitions and Terminology |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (2) |
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The Importance of Dose and the Dose--Response Relationship |
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7 | (10) |
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How Dose--Response Data Can Be Used |
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17 | (2) |
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Avoiding Incorrect Conclusions from Dose--Response Data |
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19 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Dose--Response Curves |
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21 | (5) |
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Descriptive Toxicology: Testing Adverse Effects of Chemicals and Generating Dose--Response Data |
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26 | (2) |
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Extrapolation of Animal Test Data to Human Exposure |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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32 | (3) |
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Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Agents |
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35 | (22) |
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Toxicology and the Safety and Health Professions |
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35 | (2) |
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Transfer across Membrane Barriers |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (4) |
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Disposition: Distribution and Elimination |
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45 | (8) |
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53 | (4) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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54 | (3) |
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Biotransformation: A Balance between Bioactivation and Detoxification |
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57 | (30) |
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Sites of Biotransformation |
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62 | (3) |
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Biotransformation Reactions |
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65 | (20) |
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85 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induced Toxicity of the Blood |
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87 | (24) |
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Hematotoxicity: Basic Concepts and Background |
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87 | (1) |
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Basic Hematopoiesis: The Formation of Blood Cells and their Differentiation |
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88 | (3) |
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The Myeloid Series: Erythrocytes, Platelets, Granulocytes (Neutrophils), Macrophages, Eosinophils, and Basophils |
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91 | (3) |
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The Lymphoid Series: Lymphocytes (B and T Cells) |
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94 | (1) |
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Direct Toxicological Effects on the RBC: Impairment of Oxygen Transport and Destruction of the Red Blood Cell |
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95 | (2) |
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Chemicals that Impair Oxygen Transport |
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97 | (2) |
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Inorganic Nitrates/Nitrites and Chlorate Salts |
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99 | (1) |
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Methemoglobin Leading to Hemolytic Anemia: Aromatic Amines and Aromatic Nitro Compounds |
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100 | (1) |
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Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
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101 | (1) |
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Bone Marrow Suppression and Leukemias and Lymphomas |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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Toxicities that Indirectly Invove the Red Blood Cell |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Poisoning |
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105 | (2) |
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Antidotes for Hydrogen Sulfide and Cyanide Poisoning |
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107 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Toxicities Expressed in the Blood |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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108 | (3) |
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Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Liver |
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111 | (18) |
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The Physiologic and Morphologic Bases of Liver Injury |
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111 | (5) |
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116 | (8) |
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Evaluation of Liver Injury |
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124 | (5) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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127 | (2) |
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Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Kidney |
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129 | (16) |
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Basic Kidney Structures and Functions |
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129 | (6) |
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Functional Measurements to Evaluate Kidney Injury |
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135 | (2) |
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Adverse Effects of Chemicals on the Kidney |
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137 | (5) |
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142 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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143 | (2) |
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Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Nervous System |
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145 | (12) |
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Mechanisms of Neuronal Transmission |
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146 | (3) |
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Agents that Act on the Neuron |
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149 | (2) |
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Agents that Act on the Synapse |
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151 | (1) |
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Interactions of Industrial Chemical with Other Substances |
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151 | (1) |
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General Population Exposure to Environmental Neurotoxicants |
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152 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Injury to the Nervous System |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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155 | (2) |
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Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Toxic Effects of the Skin and Eyes |
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157 | (12) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (7) |
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167 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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168 | (1) |
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Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in the Lung |
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169 | (20) |
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Lung Anatomy and Physiology |
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169 | (12) |
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Mechanisms of Industrially Related Pulmonary Diseases |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (4) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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186 | (3) |
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Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Immune System |
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189 | (18) |
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Overview of Immunotoxicity |
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189 | (1) |
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Biology of the Immune Response |
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189 | (5) |
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Types of Immune Reactions and Disorders |
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194 | (1) |
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Clinical Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity |
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195 | (2) |
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Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity in Animal Models |
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197 | (2) |
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Specific Chemicals that Adversely Affect the Immune System |
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199 | (4) |
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Multiple-Chemical Sensitivity |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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205 | (2) |
| II SPECIFIC AREAS OF CONCERN |
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207 | (228) |
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209 | (30) |
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Male Reproductive Toxicology |
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210 | (8) |
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Female Reproductive Toxicology |
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218 | (6) |
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224 | (8) |
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Current Research Concerns |
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232 | (4) |
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236 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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236 | (3) |
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Mutagenesis and Genetic Toxicology |
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239 | (26) |
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Induction and Potential Consequences of Genetic Change |
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239 | (2) |
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Genetic Fundamentals and Evaluation of Genetic Change |
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241 | (10) |
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Nonmammalian Mutagenicity Tests |
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251 | (2) |
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Mammalian Mutagenicity Tests |
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253 | (4) |
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Occupational Significance of Mutagens |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (4) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (60) |
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The Terminology of Cancer |
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266 | (2) |
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Carcinogenesis by Chemicals |
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268 | (12) |
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Molecular Aspects of Carcinogenesis |
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280 | (9) |
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Testing Chemicals for Carcinogenic Activity |
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289 | (3) |
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Interpretation Issues Raised by Conditions of the Test Procedure |
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292 | (7) |
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Empirical Measures of Reliability of the Extrapolation |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (3) |
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Cancer and Our Environment: Factors that Modulate Our Risks to Occupational Hazards |
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304 | (15) |
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Cancer Trends and Their Impact on Evaluation of Cancer Causation |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (4) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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323 | (2) |
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Properties and Effects of Metals |
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325 | (20) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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Pharmacokinetics of Metals |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (3) |
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Sources of Metal Exposure |
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334 | (2) |
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Toxicology of Selected Metals |
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336 | (7) |
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343 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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343 | (2) |
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Properties and Effects of Pesticides |
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345 | (22) |
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Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides |
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346 | (6) |
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Organochlorine Insecticides |
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352 | (1) |
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Insecticides of Biological Origin |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (5) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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363 | (4) |
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Properties and Effects of Organic Solvents |
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367 | (42) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (9) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic Organic Solvents |
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377 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Alicyclic Solvents |
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378 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvents |
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379 | (3) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Alcohols |
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382 | (2) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Phenols |
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384 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Aldehydes |
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385 | (3) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Ketones |
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388 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Carboxylic Acids |
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389 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Esters |
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390 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Ethers |
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390 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Halogenated Alkanes |
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391 | (7) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Nitrogen-Substituted Solvents |
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398 | (4) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitro Compounds |
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402 | (2) |
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Toxic Properties of Representative Nitriles (Alkyl Cyanides) |
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404 | (1) |
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Toxic Properties of the Pyridine Series |
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405 | (1) |
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Sulfur-Substituted Solvents |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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407 | (2) |
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Properties and Effects of Natural Toxins and Venoms |
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409 | (26) |
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Poisons, Toxins, and Venoms |
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409 | (1) |
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Molecular and Functional Diversity of Natural Toxins and Venoms |
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410 | (1) |
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Natural Roles of Toxins and Venoms |
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411 | (1) |
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Major Sites and Mechanisms of Toxic Action |
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411 | (4) |
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Toxins in Unicellular Organisms |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (6) |
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423 | (7) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (3) |
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432 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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432 | (3) |
| III APPLICATIONS |
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435 | (120) |
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437 | (42) |
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437 | (8) |
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Exposure Assessment: Exposure Pathways and Resulting Dosages |
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445 | (4) |
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Dose--Response Assessment |
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449 | (11) |
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460 | (2) |
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Probabilistic Versus Deterministic Risk Assessments |
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462 | (2) |
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Evaluating Risk from Chemical Mixtures |
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464 | (4) |
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Comparative Risk Analysis |
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468 | (4) |
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472 | (2) |
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474 | (5) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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475 | (4) |
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Example of Risk Assessment Applications |
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479 | (20) |
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Tiered Approach to Risk Assessment |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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Lead Exposure and Women of Child-bearing Age |
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481 | (2) |
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Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Assessing Exposure and Risk to Mixtures |
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483 | (3) |
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Risk Assessment for Arsenic |
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486 | (4) |
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Reevaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks of Inhaled Antimony Trioxide |
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490 | (6) |
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496 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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497 | (2) |
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Occupational and Environmental Health |
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499 | (12) |
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Definition and Scope of the Problem |
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499 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Occupational Illness |
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502 | (1) |
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Goals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |
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502 | (1) |
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Human Resources Important to Occupational Health Practice |
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503 | (1) |
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Activities of the Occupational Health Provider |
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503 | (4) |
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507 | (1) |
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508 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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509 | (2) |
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Epidemiologic Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health |
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511 | (12) |
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A Brief History of Epidemiology |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (1) |
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Types of Epidemiologic Studies: Advantages and Disadvantages |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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Disease and Human Health Effects Issues |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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Measurement of Disease or Exposure Frequency |
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516 | (1) |
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Measurement of Association Or Risk |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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520 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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520 | (3) |
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Controlling Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards |
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523 | (32) |
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Background and Historical Perspective |
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523 | (1) |
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524 | (6) |
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530 | (11) |
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541 | (11) |
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552 | (3) |
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References and Suggested Reading |
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553 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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555 | (20) |
| Index |
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575 | |