Projects in Linguistics A Practical Guide to Researching Language,9780340652107

Projects in Linguistics A Practical Guide to Researching Language

by ; ; ; ;
ISBN13: 9780340652107
ISBN10: 0340652101
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1998-06-25
Publisher(s): Hodder Education Publishers
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List Price: $45.59

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Summary

This is an invaluable companion for students undertaking a piece of independent research for the first time. It introduces the most commonly used tools and techniques of research and offers practical advice on how to choose a research topic, how to collect data, how to analyze it, and how to write up the results. The authors incorporate over 250 project ideas and cover plagiarism, referencing, the use of corpora, phonetic and orthographic transcription, and writing good English.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii(1)
Why we wrote this book xiii(1)
Who the book is for xiii(1)
What the book does xiv(1)
What the book doesn't do xiv(1)
A note on the textbook review tables xiv(1)
Acknowledgements xv(1)
International Phonetic Alphabet xvi
1 Introduction: starting on the right foot
1(18)
Choosing an area
1(2)
Getting organized
3(2)
Using resources
5(2)
Being a researcher
7(2)
Setting up data-based research
9(5)
Being streetwise: keeping on the right side of your assessor
14(5)
PART I AREAS OF STUDY AND PROJECT IDEAS 19(134)
2 Psycholinguistics
19(20)
Textbooks and major journals
20(1)
Central themes and project ideas
21(18)
Modularity
22(2)
Themes in comprehension
24(6)
Themes in production
30(6)
The units of normal processing
36(1)
Language and thought
36(3)
3 First-language acquisition and development
39(15)
Approaches to research
39(1)
Terminology
40(1)
Textbooks and major journals
40(2)
The CHILDES database
42(1)
Things to think about
42(2)
Central themes and project ideas
44(10)
Longitudinal case studies
44(1)
Pre-linguistic development
45(1)
Over- and under-extension: lexical and semantic development
46(1)
Children's morphology
47(1)
Development of phonology and intonation
47(1)
Comprehension of complex grammatical structures
48(1)
Children's metalinguistic awareness
48(1)
Colour terms
49(1)
Carer language (or `child-directed speech')
50(1)
Conversational development
51(1)
Sources of variation in child language
52(1)
Literacy development
52(2)
4 Conversation analysis
54(9)
Textbooks
55(2)
Major journals
57(1)
Central themes and project ideas
57(6)
Scripted versus non-scripted conversation
58(1)
Radio and TV interviews
59(1)
The development of children's conversational skills
59(1)
Conversation and gender
60(1)
Language, power and hierarchy
61(2)
5 Second-language acquisition
63(15)
Terminology
63(2)
Textbooks and major journals
65(1)
Things to think about
66(1)
Central themes and project ideas
66(12)
Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition
66(1)
Comparison of L1 and L2 acquisition
67(1)
Language-learning targets
67(1)
Grammar-based and communication-based teaching
68(2)
Vocabulary acquisition
70(1)
Different concepts expressed in different languages
70(1)
The learner's approach and experience
71(1)
Interlanguage, error analysis and contrastive analysis
71(1)
Language assessment and testing
72(1)
Bilinguals, multilinguals and polyglots
73(1)
Foreign language teaching policy
74(2)
Effect of the year abroad
76(1)
Role of the social and political status of English as L2
76(2)
6 Style in texts
78(10)
Textbooks and major journals
79(1)
Finding and approaching a text
80(1)
Central themes and project ideas
80(8)
Interpersonal function
80(2)
Sound patterns
82(1)
Lexical choice
83(2)
Grammatical structure
85(1)
Authorship
86(1)
Ideology and power
86(2)
7 Sociolinguistics
88(11)
Terminology and central concepts
89(1)
Textbooks and major journals
90(1)
Central themes and project ideas
91(8)
Types and causes of variation
92(1)
Quantitative approaches
93(1)
Social networks
94(1)
Qualitative approaches
95(4)
8 Accents and dialects of English
99(13)
Terminology
100(1)
Textbooks
100(1)
Other resources
101(1)
Major journals
102(1)
Which accent/dialect to choose
102(1)
What to look for in an accent
103(1)
What to look for in a dialect
103(3)
Possible angles and project ideas
106(5)
Comparing the speech of three generations
106(1)
Explaining why a variety has come about
107(1)
The political dimension of a variety
108(1)
Accent and dialect in literature
109(1)
Update study
109(1)
Comparison of two varieties
110(1)
Things to think about
111(1)
9 Structure and meaning
112(15)
Textbooks and major journals
113(2)
Central themes and project ideas
115(12)
Pragmatics
115(2)
Metaphor
117(1)
Sentence structure
118(1)
Lexicon and collocation
119(3)
Morphology and etymology
122(2)
Punctuation
124(1)
`Correct' grammar
124(3)
10 Historical linguistics
127(12)
Textbooks, reference sources and major journals
128(3)
Central themes and project ideas
131(6)
Researching words
131(3)
Pronunciation and spelling
134(1)
History of English dialects
135(1)
The profile of a feature of English across time
135(1)
Socio-political trends and influences on English
136(1)
English as a world language
136(1)
The influence of literacy on language
137(1)
Things to think about
137(2)
11 Language and gender
139(14)
Terminology
140(1)
Useful skills and knowledge
140(1)
Textbooks
140(2)
Major journals
142(1)
Central themes and project ideas
142(11)
The history and development of language and gender as a branch of linguistics
143(1)
Attitudes towards male and female language
143(1)
Male-female differences in accent and dialect
144(1)
Differences in conversation and style of language use
145(2)
Explanations of difference
147(1)
Language and sexism
148(1)
Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition
149(1)
Language, gender and education
150(3)
PART II TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA 153(42)
12 Tape-recording data
153(5)
Places to get data
153(1)
Audio or video?
154(1)
Ethics and legality
154(1)
Quality
154(1)
Practicalities
154(1)
Things to think about
155(1)
How much data do you need?
156(1)
Eliciting data from informants
157(1)
13 Experiments
158(9)
What does experimentation involve?
159(1)
Advantages of experimental research
160(1)
Disadvantages of experimental research
160(1)
Designing an experiment
161(2)
Things to think about
163(4)
Order effects
164(1)
Floor and ceiling effects
164(1)
Practice and fatigue effects
164(1)
Emergencies
165(2)
14 Questionnaires
167(15)
What is a questionnaire?
167(1)
What research areas can a questionnaire be used for?
167(1)
Subjects
168(1)
Handling personal information
169(1)
Presenting a questionnaire
169(2)
Designing a questionnaire
171(2)
Types of data
173(4)
Specific techniques
177(1)
Things to think about
178(1)
Relating the questionnaire to the study
179(1)
Written questionnaires
179(1)
Spoken questionnaires
180(2)
15 Interviews
182(4)
General procedures
182(1)
Approaches to interviewing
183(3)
Data elicitation
183(1)
Asking for intuitions
183(2)
Gathering general data for later analysis
185(1)
16 Observation and case studies
186(9)
Observation studies
186(3)
Advantages
187(1)
Disadvantages
187(1)
Things to think about
188(1)
Case studies
189(6)
Advantages
190(1)
Disadvantages
190(1)
How to set up a case study
191(1)
Dealing with the results
191(4)
PART III TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND PROJECT WRITING 195(79)
17 Transcribing speech phonetically and phonemically
195(6)
The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription
195(2)
A few notes on phonemes
197(1)
Hints on writing about pronunciation
198(1)
Checklist of phonemes
199(2)
18 Transcribing speech orthographically
201(12)
Basics
201(1)
Dealing with silence
202(2)
Dealing with complexity
204(1)
Dealing with obscurity and unusual pronunciations
205(2)
Use of conventional punctuation
207(1)
Dealing with pitch, emphasis, speed and volume
208(2)
External events
210(1)
Layout problems
210(1)
Other problems
211(2)
19 Using computers to study texts
213(11)
Corpora and other computer-readable textual materials
213(1)
Why you might want to study texts using a computer
213(1)
Compiling your own corpus: potential problems
214(1)
Corpora and other texts of English available for academic use
214(2)
How to get hold of a corpus
216(1)
Types of corpus annotation
216(1)
Linguistic analyses that can be done using computers and how to do them
217(3)
Programs that are available for text analysis
220(1)
Other applications of computers in relation to texts
221(1)
Textbooks
222(2)
20 The Data Protection Act
224(4)
What is the Data Protection Act?
224(2)
Registration
226(1)
Important note
227(1)
21 How to reference
228(13)
Basics
228(4)
The Harvard system
232(6)
The Humane system
238(3)
22 Plagiarism and how to avoid it
241(14)
What is plagiarism?
241(1)
How to avoid accidental plagiarism: some strategies
242(1)
An exercise in using published sources, creating a sophisticated account, and avoiding plagiarism
242(13)
23 Statistics
255(10)
Why use statistics?
255(1)
What can statistics do?
256(2)
Statistics and hypotheses
258(2)
Choosing statistical tests
260(2)
Gaining confidence
262(1)
Textbooks
262(1)
Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics
263(2)
24 Using an abstracting journal
265(3)
What are abstracting journals?
265(1)
What abstracting journals are available?
266(1)
What to do
266(2)
25 Handy hints on writing good academic English
268(6)
Before you write
268(1)
As you are writing
269(2)
After you have written
271(1)
The uses of apostrophes
271(1)
Using punctuation
272(1)
Other common problems
273(1)
References 274(19)
Index 293

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