Quantitative Chemical Analysis,9780716728818

Quantitative Chemical Analysis

by
Edition: 5th
ISBN13: 9780716728818
ISBN10: 0716728818
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1998-08-01
Publisher(s): W H Freeman & Co
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List Price: $140.66

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Summary

For instructors who wish to focus on practical, industrial, or research chemistry. Includes case studies, applications boxes, and spreadsheet applications.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Chapter 0 The Analytical Process Actions and Consequences
1(12)
0-1 Analytical Chemists Are Sleuths--And Sometimes Life Is Messy!
1(6)
0-2 Sampling and Sample Preparation
7(1)
0-3 General Steps in a Chemical Analysis
8(1)
Box 0-1 Constructing a Representative Sample
9(4)
Chapter 1 Measurements
13(16)
Measuring the Universe 12(1)
1-1 SI Units
13(3)
1-2 Chemical Concentrations
16(4)
1-3 Preparing Solutions
20(2)
1-4 Solutions and Stoichiometry
22(7)
Chapter 2 Tools of the Trade
29(22)
Weighing Femtomoles of DNA 28(1)
2-1 Safe, Ethical Handling of Chemicals and Waste
29(2)
Box 2-1 Disposal of Chemical Waste
29(2)
2-2 The Lab Notebook
31(1)
2-3 Analytical Balance
31(5)
Box 2-2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance
34(2)
2-4 Burets
36(2)
2-5 Volumetric Flasks
38(2)
2-6 Pipets and Syringes
40(1)
2-7 Filtration
41(2)
2-8 Drying
43(2)
2-9 Calibration of Volumetric Glassware
45(6)
Chapter 3 Experimental Error
51(18)
Experimental Error 50(1)
3-1 Significant Figures
51(1)
3-2 Significant Figures in Arithmetic
52(3)
3-3 Significant Figures and Graphs
55(1)
3-4 Types of Error
56(2)
Box 3-1 Standard Reference Materials
57(1)
3-5 Propagation of Uncertainty
58(11)
Chapter 4 Statistics and Spreadsheets
69(24)
Is My Red Blood Cell Count High Today? 68(1)
4-1 Gaussian Distribution
69(5)
4-2 Confidence Intervals
74(3)
4-3 Comparison of Means with Student's t
77(4)
4-4 Control Charts
81(1)
Box 4-1 Analytical Chemistry and the Law
81(1)
4-5 Q Test for Bad Data
82(1)
4-6 Spreadsheets
83(10)
Chapter 5 Calibration Methods
93(20)
A Historic Calibration Curve 92(1)
5-1 Finding the "Best" Straight Line
93(4)
5-2 Calibration Curves
97(4)
Box 5-1 Using a Nonlinear Calibration Curve
99(2)
5-3 Standard Addition
101(3)
5-4 Internal Standards
104(2)
5-5 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares
106(7)
Chapter 6 Chemical Equilibrium
113(36)
Chemical Equilibrium in the Environment 112(1)
6-1 The Equilibrium Constant
113(2)
6-2 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
115(3)
6-3 Solubility Product
118(1)
6-4 The Common Ion Effect
119(3)
Demonstration 6-1 Common Ion Effect
120(1)
Box 6-1 The Logic of Approximations
121(1)
6-5 Separation by Precipitation
122(1)
6-6 Complex Formation
123(3)
Box 6-2 Notation for Formation Constants
124(2)
6-7 Protic Acids and Bases
126(3)
6-8 pH
129(2)
6-9 Strengths of Acids and Bases
131(18)
Demonstration 6-2 The HCI Fountain
132(1)
Box 6-3 The Strange Behavior of Hydrofluoric Acid
133(3)
Box 6-4 Carbonic Acid
136(13)
Chapter 7 Let the Titrations Begin
149(26)
Evolution of the Buret 148(1)
7-1 Titrations
149(2)
7-2 Titration Calculations
151(2)
7-3 Spectrophotometric Titrations
153(2)
7-4 The Precipitation Titration Curve
155(6)
7-5 Titration of a Mixture
161(1)
7-6 Calculating Titration Curves with a Spreadsheet
162(2)
7-7 End-Point Detection
164(11)
Demonstration 7-1 Fajans Titration
166(9)
Chapter 8 Activity
175(16)
Hydrated Radii 174(1)
8-1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on Solubility of Salts
175(3)
Demonstration 8-1 Effect of Ionic Strength on Ion Dissociation
177(1)
Box 8-1 Salts with Ions of Charge is grater than equal to (2) Do Not Fully Dissociate into Ions in Water
178(1)
8-2 Activity Coefficients
178(5)
8-3 Using Activity Coefficients
183(2)
8-4 pH Revisited
185(6)
Chapter 9 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium
191(20)
Acid Rain 190(1)
9-1 Charge Balance
191(1)
9-2 Mass Balance
192(2)
9-3 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium
194(3)
Box 9-1 Calcium Carbonate Mass Balance in Rivers
195(2)
9-4 The Dependence of Solubility on pH
197(14)
Box 9-2 All Right, Dan, How Would You Really Solve The CaF(2) Problem?
200(2)
Box 9-3 pH and Tooth Decay
202(9)
Chapter 10 Monoprotic Acid-Base Equilibria
211(28)
Measuring pH Inside Single Cells 210(1)
10-1 Strong Acids and Bases
211(3)
10-2 Weak Acids and Bases
214(1)
10-3 Weak-Acid Equilibria
215(4)
Demonstration 10-1 Conductivity of Weak Electrolytes
218(1)
10-4 Weak-Base Equilibria
219(3)
Box 10-1 Dyeing Fabrics and the Fraction of Dissociation
220(2)
10-5 Buffers
222(17)
Box 10-2 Strong Plus Weak Reacts Completely
227(1)
Demonstration 10-2 How Buffers Work
228(11)
Chapter 11 Polyprotic Acid-Base Equilibria
239(26)
Proteins Are Polyprotic Acids and Bases 238(1)
11-1 Diprotic Acids and Bases
239(10)
Box 11-1 Successive Approximations
246(3)
11-2 Diprotic Buffers
249(1)
11-3 Polyprotic Acids and Bases
250(2)
11-4 Which Is the Principal Species?
252(2)
11-5 Fractional Composition Equations
254(2)
11-6 Isoelectric and Isoionic pH
256(9)
Box 11-2 Isoelectric Focusing
258(7)
Chapter 12 Acid-Base Titrations
265(42)
Acid-Base Titration of a Protein 264(1)
12-1 Titration of Strong Acid with Strong Base
265(3)
12-2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base
268(4)
12-3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid
272(2)
12-4 Titrations in Diprotic Systems
274(3)
12-5 Finding the End Point with a pH Electrode
277(1)
Box 12-1 Alkalinity and Acidity
277(5)
12-6 Finding the End Point with Indicators
282(5)
Box 12-2 What Does a Negative pH Mean?
284(1)
Demonstration 12-1 Indicators and the Acidity of CO(2)
284(3)
Box 12-3 World Record Small Titration
287(1)
12-7 Practical Notes
287(2)
12-8 Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents
289(3)
12-9 Calculating Titration Curves with Spreadsheets
292(15)
Chapter 13 EDTA Titrations
307(30)
A Chelating Ligand Captures Its Prey 306(1)
13-1 Metal-Chelate Complexes
307(3)
13-2 EDTA
310(6)
Box 13-1 Chelation Therapy and Thalassemia
310(6)
13-3 EDTA Titration Curves
316(3)
13-4 Do It with a Spreadsheet
319(1)
13-5 Auxiliary Complexing Agents
320(3)
13-6 Metal Ion Indicators
323(2)
Demonstration 13-1 Metal Ion Indicator Color Changes
325(1)
13-7 EDTA Titration Techniques
325(12)
Box 13-2 Water Hardness
328(9)
Chapter 14 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
337(38)
An Atomic-Scale Galvanic Cell 336(1)
14-1 Basic Concepts
337(4)
14-2 Galvanic Cells
341(4)
Demonstration 14-1 The Human Salt Bridge
344(1)
14-3 Standard Potentials
345(2)
14-4 Nernst Equation
347(6)
Box 14-1 E(Digree) and the Cell Voltage Do Not Depend on How You Write the Cell Reaction
349(2)
Box 14-2 Latimer Diagrams: How to Find E(Digree) for a New Half-Reaction
351(2)
14-5 E(Digree) and the Equilibrium Constant
353(3)
Box 14-3 Concentrations in the Operating Cell
353(3)
14-6 Cells as Chemical Probes
356(3)
14-7 Biochemists Use E(Digree)'
359(16)
Chapter 15 Electrodes and Potentiometry
375(40)
A Heparin Sensor 374(1)
15-1 Reference Electrodes
375(3)
15-2 Indicator Electrodes
378(2)
15-3 What Is a Junction Potential?
380(1)
15-4 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode
381(10)
Demonstration 15-1 Potentiometry with an Oscillating Reaction
382(9)
15-5 Ion-Selective Electrodes
391(7)
Box 15-1 Systematic Error in Rainwater pH Measurement: The Effect of Junction Potential
392(6)
15-6 Using Ion-Selective Electrodes
398(2)
15-7 Solid-State Chemical Sensors
400(15)
Chapter 16 Redox Titrations
415(28)
Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature Superconductors 414(1)
16-1 The Shape of a Redox Titration Curve
415(6)
16-2 Redox Indicators
421(3)
Demonstration 16-1 Potentiometric Titration of Fe(2+) with MnO(4)
422(2)
16-3 Adjustment of Analyte Oxidation State
424(2)
16-4 Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate
426(2)
16-5 Oxidation with Ce(4+)
428(1)
16-6 Oxidation with Potassium Dichromate
429(1)
16-7 Methods Involving Iodine
429(14)
Box 16-1 Environmental Carbon Analysis and Oxygen Demand
430(4)
Box 16-2 Iodometric Analysis of High-Temperature Superconductors
434(9)
Chapter 17 Electrogravimetric and Coulometric Analyses
443(28)
How Sweet It Is! 442(1)
17-1 Electrolysis: Putting Electrons to Work
443(2)
17-2 Why Voltage Changes When Current Flows
445(6)
Demonstration 17-1 Electrochemical Writing
446(5)
17-3 Electrogravimetric Analysis
451(6)
Demonstration 17-2 Silver and Gold Pennies
455(2)
17-4 Coulometric Analysis
457(3)
17-5 Mediators
460(11)
Box 17-1 Electrical Wiring of Redox Enzymes
462(9)
Chapter 18 Voltammetry
471(40)
Oxygen Sensors for Automobile Pollution Control 470(1)
18-1 Why We Use a Mercury Electrode in Polarography
471(1)
18-2 Shape of the Polarogram
472(9)
Box 18-1 The Electric Double Layer
477(4)
18-3 Polarography in Chemical Analysis
481(2)
18-4 Pulse Polarography
483(4)
18-5 Stripping Analysis
487(2)
18-6 Cyclic Voltammetry
489(4)
Box 18-2 An Optically Transparent Thin-Layer Electrode
492(1)
18-7 Amperometry
493(4)
Box 18-3 Oxygen Electrodes
494(3)
18-8 Karl Fischer Titration of H(2)O
497(14)
Demonstration 18-1 The Karl Fischer Jacks of a pH Meter
499(12)
Chapter 19 Fundamentals of Spectrophotometry
511(34)
The Ozone Hole 510(1)
19-1 Properties of Light
511(1)
19-2 Absorption of Light
512(5)
Box 19-1 Why Is There a Logarithmic Relation Between Transmittance and Concentration?
515(1)
Demonstration 19-1 Absorption Spectra
516(1)
19-3 The Spectrophotometer
517(4)
19-4 Beer's Law in Chemical Analysis
521(4)
19-5 What Happens When a Molecule Absorbs Light?
525(5)
Box 19-2 Fluorescence All Around Us
529(1)
19-6 Luminescence
530(15)
Chapter 20 Applications of Spectrophotometry
545(32)
Fiber-Optic Glucose Sensor 544(1)
20-1 Analysis of a Mixture
545(5)
20-2 Measuring an Equilibrium Constant: The Scatchard Plot
550(1)
20-3 The Method of Continuous Variation
551(3)
20-4 Flow Injection Analysis
554(2)
20-5 Immunoassays
556(3)
20-6 Sensors Based on Luminescence Quenching
559(18)
Box 20-1 Converting Light into Electricity
560(17)
Chapter 21 Spectrophotometers
577(38)
The Most Important Photoreceptor 576(1)
21-1 Interaction of Light with Matter
577(6)
Box 21-1 Blackbody Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect
582(1)
21-2 The Spectrophotometer
583(1)
21-3 Lamps and Lasers: Sources of Light
584(2)
21-4 Monochromators
586(3)
21-5 Detectors
589(5)
21-6 Errors in Spectrophotometry
594(2)
21-7 Optodes
596(4)
Box 21-2 On the Road to an "Electronic Nose"
598(2)
21-8 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
600(6)
21-9 Dealing with Noise
606(9)
Chapter 22 Atomic Spectroscopy
615(26)
An Anthropology Puzzle 614(1)
22-1 An Overview
615(4)
22-2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas
619(6)
22-3 How Temperature Affects Atomic Spectroscopy
625(2)
22-4 Instrumentation
627(5)
22-5 Interference
632(9)
Box 22-1 A Smokestack Metal Emission Monitor: Challenges in Sampling and Calibration
632(9)
Chapter 23 Introduction to Analytical Separations
641(34)
Analytical Separations and Chemical Problem Solving 640(1)
23-1 Solvent Extraction
641(5)
Demonstration 23-1 Extraction with Dithizone
646(1)
23-2 What Is Chromatography?
646(3)
Box 23-1 Crown Ethers
647(2)
23-3 A Plumber's View of Chromatography
649(5)
23-4 Efficiency of Separation
654(6)
23-5 Why Bands Spread
660(15)
Chapter 24 Gas Chromatography
675(38)
What Did They Eat in the Year 1000? 674(1)
24-1 The Separation Process in Gas Chromatography
675(10)
Box 24-1 Chiral Phases For Separating Optical Isomers
680(5)
24-2 Sample Injection
685(4)
24-3 Detectors
689(5)
24-4 Sample Preparation
694(2)
24-5 Method Development in Gas Chromatography
696(3)
24-6 What Is Mass Spectrometry?
699(5)
Box 24-2 How the Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometer Separates Ions of Different Mass
702(2)
24-7 Mass Spectrometry in Analytical Chemistry
704(9)
Box 24-3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
704(9)
Chapter 25 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
713(42)
In Vivo Microdialysis for Measuring Drug Metabolism 712(2)
25-1 The Chromatographic Process
714(13)
Box 25-1 Designer Stationary Phases
718(6)
Box 25-2 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
724(3)
25-2 Injection and Detection in HPLC
727(6)
25-3 Method Development for Reversed-Phase Separations
733(6)
25-4 Gradient Separations
739(3)
25-5 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
742(13)
Chapter 26 Chromatographic Methods and Capillary Electrophoresis
755(40)
The Shape of the Future: Analysis on a Chip 754(1)
26-1 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
755(7)
26-2 Ion Chromatography
762(4)
26-3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography
766(3)
26-4 Affinity Chromatography
769(1)
26-5 Capillary Electrophoresis
769(26)
Box 26-1 Chemical Analysis of a Single Cell
771(24)
Chapter 27 Gravimetric and Combustion Analysis
795(22)
Tree Rings and Our Changing Environment 794(1)
27-1 An Example of Gravimetric Analysis
795(2)
27-2 Precipitation
797(6)
Demonstration 27-1 Colloids and Dialysis
798(5)
27-3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations
803(3)
27-4 Combustion Analysis
806(11)
Chapter 28 Sample Preparation
817(26)
Extraction Membranes 816(2)
Box 28-1 The Horwitz Trumpet: Variation in Interlaboratory Tests
818(1)
28-1 Statistics of Sampling
819(5)
28-2 Dissolving Samples for Analysis
824(7)
28-3 Sample Preparation Techniques
831(4)
28-4 Analytical Standards
835(8)
Chapter 29 Experiments
843(32)
29-1 Calibration of Volumetric Glassware
843(1)
29-2 Gravimetric Determination of Calcium as CaC(2)O(4)H(2)O
844(1)
29-3 Gravimetric Determination of Iron as Fe(2)O(3)
845(1)
29-4 Statistical Evaluation of Acid-Base Indicators
846(2)
29-5 Preparing Standard Acid and Base
848(1)
29-6 Using a pH Electrode for an Acid-Base Titration
849(1)
29-7 Analysis of a Mixture of Carbonate and Bicarbonate
850(2)
29-8 Analysis of an Acid-Base Titration Curve: The Gran Plot
852(1)
29-9 EDTA Titration of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in Natural Waters
853(1)
29-10 Synthesis and Analysis of Ammonium Decavanadate
853(3)
29-11 Iodimetric Titration of Vitamin C
856(1)
29-12 Preparation and Iodometric Analysis of High-Temperature Superconductor
856(3)
29-13 Potentiometric Halide Titration with Ag(+)
859(2)
29-14 Electrogravimetric Analysis of Copper
861(1)
29-15 Polarographic Measurement of an Equilibrium Constant
861(1)
29-16 Coulometric Titration of Cyclohexene with Bromine
862(1)
29-17 Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in Vitamin Tablets
863(1)
29-18 Microscale Spectrophotometric Measurement of Iron in Foods by Standard Addition
864(1)
29-19 Spectrophotometric Measurement of an Equilibrium Constant
865(1)
29-20 Properties of an Ion-Exchange Resin
866(2)
29-21 Analysis of Sulfur in Coal by Ion Chromatography
868(1)
29-22 Measuring Carbon Monoxide in Automobile Exhaust by Gas Chromatography
868(1)
29-23 Amino Acid Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis
869(2)
29-24 DNA Composition by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
871(4)
Glossary 875
Appendixes AP1
A Logarithms and Exponents AP1(1)
B Graphs of Straight Lines AP2(2)
C Propagation of Uncertainty AP4(1)
D Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox Equations AP5(5)
E Normality AP10(2)
F Solubility Products AP12(3)
G Acid Dissociation Constants AP15(12)
H Standard Reduction Potentials AP27(12)
I Stepwise Formation Constants AP39(3)
J Logarithm of the Formation Constant for the Reaction M(aq) + L(aq) = ML(aq) AP42
Solutions to Exercises SE1
Answers to Problems AN1
Index I1

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