Rapid Prototyping Principles and Applications

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-10-05
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

Rapid prototyping is a faster, more cost-effective method for building prototypes from three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) drawings. Rapid Prototyping provides a fundamental overview of the general manufacturing process and presents the principles and applications of designing and fabricating parts in a format that makes learning easy. This user-friendly text features basic information on layered manufacturing processes, the essential vocabulary of nomenclature, numerous review exercises, case studies, a full section of rapid prototyping applications, helpful material for further study, applications to real-world problems, and more.

Author Biography

RAFIQ NOORANI, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xxi
Introduction
1(33)
Introduction
1(1)
World of RP
2(7)
What Is RP?
2(2)
Basic Process
4(1)
Industries Using RP
5(1)
Growth of RP
5(4)
Installations by Countries
9(1)
Technology Development
9(1)
History of RP
9(5)
Early History
10(2)
Early Solid Freeform Fabrication
12(2)
Commercial Development
14(1)
Chronology of RP Development
14(1)
Development of RP Systems
14(7)
3D Systems' Stereolithography Process
14(3)
3D Systems' Selective Laser Sintering
17(1)
Helisys' Laminated Object Manufacturing
17(2)
Stratasys' Fused Deposition Modeling
19(1)
Solidscape's 3D Printing
20(1)
Applications in Education and Industry
21(7)
Application in Product Development
21(2)
Application in Reverse Engineering
23(1)
Application in Casting and Pattern Making
24(2)
Application in Rapid Tooling
26(1)
Application in Medicine
26(1)
Application in Rapid Manufacturing
27(1)
Case Study: Fabricating a Prototype Using 3D Printing
28(2)
Summary
30(4)
Problems
32(1)
References
32(2)
Principles of Rapid Prototyping
34(23)
Principles of Automated Processes
34(2)
RP Fundamentals
36(10)
Creation of Solid Models
36(1)
Conversion to STL File
37(6)
Slicing the File
43(1)
Making or ``Growing'' the Prototype
43(1)
Postprocessing
44(2)
Problems with STL File Format
46(2)
Other Translators
48(2)
Case Study: Designing and Prototyping a Spur Gear
50(3)
Introduction
50(1)
Project Procedure
51(2)
Summary
53(4)
Problems
54(2)
References
56(1)
Liquid-Based RP Systems
57(23)
Classification of RP Systems
57(1)
Liquid-Based Systems
57(1)
Solid-Based Systems
58(1)
Powder-Based Systems
58(1)
3D Systems' Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA)
58(14)
Company Profile
58(1)
Details of Stereolithography (``SL'') Process
59(9)
SLA Systems
68(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages
72(1)
Applications and Uses
72(1)
D-MEC's Solid Creation System
72(5)
Company Profile
72(1)
Solid Creation System
73(1)
Products
73(3)
D-MEC Modeling
76(1)
CMET Solid Object UV Laser Plotter
77(1)
Company Profile
77(1)
SOUP Process
77(1)
SOUP Machines
77(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
78(1)
Summary
78(2)
Problems
79(1)
References
79(1)
Solid-Based RP Systems
80(28)
Stratasys' Fused Deposition Modeling Systems
80(13)
Company Profile
80(1)
Principles
81(3)
Process
84(1)
Products
85(5)
Advantages and Disadvantages
90(2)
Applications and Uses
92(1)
Helysis Laminated Object Manufacturing System
93(3)
Company Profile
93(1)
Principles
94(1)
Process
94(1)
Products
94(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
94(1)
Applications and Uses
95(1)
Solidscape's 3D Printing and Deposition Milling
96(4)
Company Profile
96(1)
Principles of Solidscape Prototyping
96(1)
Process
96(1)
Products
97(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
98(2)
Applications
100(1)
3D Systems' Multijet Modeling System
100(2)
Company Profile
100(1)
Principles
100(1)
Process
100(1)
Products
101(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
101(1)
Applications and Uses
102(1)
KIRA's Selective Adhesive and Hot Pass (SAHP) System
102(3)
Company Profile
102(1)
Principles
102(1)
Process
102(3)
Products
105(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages
105(1)
Applications and Uses
105(1)
Summary
105(3)
Problems
106(1)
References
106(2)
Powder-Based RP Systems
108(48)
3D Systems' Selective Laser Sintering
108(9)
Company Profile
108(1)
Principles of SLS Process
108(1)
Principles of Sinter Bonding
109(1)
Process
110(1)
Laser Sintering (``LS'') Materials
111(1)
Products
112(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages
114(1)
Applications and Uses
115(2)
MIT's Three-Dimensional Printing
117(4)
Institution
117(1)
Process
118(1)
Major Applications
119(1)
Research and Development
120(1)
Z Corporation's Process (Z406 System)
121(4)
Company Profile
121(1)
Process
121(4)
Soligen's Direct Shell Production Casting
125(8)
Company Profile
125(2)
Model and Specifications
127(1)
Key Strengths
127(2)
Process
129(2)
Applications and Uses
131(2)
Case Studies
133(1)
Research and Development
133(1)
EOS's Laser Sintering Systems
133(7)
Company Profile
133(1)
Models and Specifications
134(5)
Laser Sintering Process
139(1)
Applications and Uses
139(1)
e-Manufacturing using Laser Sintering
140(14)
Introduction
140(1)
Customized Plastic Parts
141(8)
Customized Metal Parts
149(4)
e-Manufacturing in a Brief
153(1)
Summary
154(2)
Problems
155(1)
References
155(1)
Materials for Rapid Prototyping
156(43)
Introduction
156(6)
Nature of Materials
157(2)
Chemical Bonding and Structure
159(3)
Types of Materials
162(15)
Polymers
162(6)
Metals
168(5)
Ceramics
173(3)
Composites
176(1)
Liquid-Based Materials
177(4)
Photopolymer Development
177(1)
Photopolymer Chemistry
177(4)
Solid-Based Materials
181(5)
Polymers
181(2)
Metals
183(2)
Composites
185(1)
Powder-Based Materials
186(8)
Polymers
186(4)
Metals
190(3)
Ceramics
193(1)
Case Study
194(1)
Summary
195(4)
Problems
196(1)
References
197(2)
Reverse Engineering
199(44)
Introduction
199(2)
Measuring Devices
201(8)
Overview
201(1)
Contact-Type Measuring Devices
202(1)
Non-Contact-Type Measuring Devices
203(6)
CAD Model Construction from Point Clouds
209(12)
Preprocessing
210(3)
Point Clouds to Surface Model Creation
213(3)
Medical Data Processing
216(5)
Data-Handling and Reduction Methods
221(10)
Uniform-Grid Method
221(1)
Nonuniform-Grid Method
222(4)
Three-Dimensional Grid Methods
226(5)
Applications and Trends
231(3)
Applications
231(2)
Future Trends
233(1)
Case Study
234(5)
Introduction
234(1)
Methodology
235(2)
Bronze Cast of OVG
237(2)
Summary
239(4)
Problems
239(2)
References
241(2)
Rapid Tooling
243(26)
Introduction
243(1)
Indirect Methods of RT
244(12)
Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubber Molds
246(1)
Spray Metal Tooling
247(2)
Sprayed Steel
249(1)
Cast Aluminum and Zinc Kirksite Tooling
250(1)
Three-Dimensional Keltool
250(1)
Vacuum Casting
251(1)
Reaction Injection Molding
252(1)
Wax Injection Molding
252(1)
Spin Casting
252(1)
Cast Resin Tooling
253(1)
Rapid Solidification Process
253(1)
Plaster Molds
254(1)
Electroforming
254(1)
Investment Cast Tooling
255(1)
Direct Methods of RT
256(6)
Direct ACES Injection Molding Tooling
256(2)
Copper Polyamide Tooling
258(1)
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
258(1)
Selective Laser Sintering RapidSteel
259(1)
Laminated Tooling
260(1)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
260(1)
Controlled Metal Buildup
261(1)
Prometal
261(1)
Case Study: Sheet-Metal Forming by RT
262(5)
Forming Technologies
262(1)
Stereolithography Process
263(2)
Fused Deposition Modeling
265(1)
Laminated Object Modeling
266(1)
Research Results
266(1)
Summary
267(2)
Problems
267(1)
References
268(1)
Medical Applications in Rapid Prototyping
269(19)
Introduction
269(1)
Medical Applications of RP
270(2)
Presurgical Planning Models
270(1)
Mechanical Bone Replicas
270(1)
Teaching Aids and Simulators
270(1)
Customized Surgical Implants
271(1)
Prosthetics and Othotics
271(1)
Anthropology
271(1)
Forensics
272(1)
Types of Medical Imaging
272(6)
X-Ray Technology
273(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
275(1)
Computed Tomography
276(2)
Software for Making Medical Models
278(4)
MIMICS and the CT Modeler System
278(2)
Velocity2 Pro Software by Image3
280(1)
3D-Doctor from Able Software
281(1)
VoXim
281(1)
Medical Materials
282(2)
Other Applications
284(1)
Anthropology
284(1)
Biology and Chemistry
285(1)
Summary
285(3)
Problems
286(1)
References
287(1)
Industry Perspectives
288(22)
Guidelines for Implementation
288(3)
Purchasing Decisions
288(1)
Facilities Planning
289(1)
Environmental Issues
290(1)
Operating Issues
291(3)
Cost Analysis
291(2)
Training of Personnel
293(1)
Maintenance Costs
294(1)
Managing Issues
294(5)
Integrating Technology Within the Company
294(1)
Productivity Advantage
295(2)
Lean Production
297(2)
Service Bureaus
299(5)
What Is a Service Bureau?
300(1)
Reasons for Using Service Bureaus
301(2)
Factors in Choosing a Service Bureau
303(1)
Rapid Prototyping Consortia
304(2)
Benefits in Consortia Affiliation
304(1)
University-Industry Consortia
305(1)
Industry-Industry Consortia
306(1)
Present and Future Trends
306(2)
Summary
308(2)
Problems
309(1)
References
309(1)
Research and Development
310(42)
Improvement of FDM Process Using Design of Experiment
310(14)
Abstract
310(1)
Introduction
311(1)
Design of Experiments
312(2)
Selection of Build Parameters
314(1)
Experimental Method
315(3)
Results and Analysis of DOE
318(3)
Factor Analysis and Physical Interpretation
321(3)
Conclusions and Recommendations
324(1)
Improvement of Part Accuracy
324(10)
Abstract
324(1)
Introduction
325(1)
Theory and Analysis
326(3)
Results and Data Analysis
329(5)
Conclusions and Recommendations
334(1)
Effects of Cryogenic Processing on RP Materials
334(10)
Abstract
334(1)
Introduction
335(1)
Background
335(1)
Experimental Procedure
336(3)
Results and Discussion
339(2)
Conclusions and Recommendations
341(3)
New Technologies
344(4)
Laser Engineered Net Shaping
344(1)
Solidica
345(1)
On Demand Manufacturing
346(1)
Direct Material Deposition: OPTOMEC
346(2)
Summary
348(4)
Problems
349(1)
References
350(2)
Appendix A: RP Resources 352(2)
Appendix B: Worldwide RP System Manufacturers 354(4)
Appendix C: Rapid Tooling Technology Suppliers 358(3)
Appendix D: RP Software Developers 361(2)
Appendix E: RP Material Suppliers 363(3)
Glossary 366(2)
List of Abbreviations 368(5)
Index 373

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