| Preface |  | xv |  | 
| Acknowledgments |  | xix |  | 
| About the Author |  | xxi |  | 
|  |  | 1 | (33) | 
|  |  | 1 | (1) | 
|  |  | 2 | (7) | 
|  |  | 2 | (2) | 
|  |  | 4 | (1) | 
|  |  | 5 | (1) | 
|  |  | 5 | (4) | 
| 
|  | Installations by Countries |  |  | 9 | (1) | 
|  |  | 9 | (1) | 
|  |  | 9 | (5) | 
|  |  | 10 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Early Solid Freeform Fabrication |  |  | 12 | (2) | 
|  |  | 14 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Chronology of RP Development |  |  | 14 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Development of RP Systems |  |  | 14 | (7) | 
| 
|  | 3D Systems' Stereolithography Process |  |  | 14 | (3) | 
| 
|  | 3D Systems' Selective Laser Sintering |  |  | 17 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Helisys' Laminated Object Manufacturing |  |  | 17 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Stratasys' Fused Deposition Modeling |  |  | 19 | (1) | 
|  |  | 20 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Applications in Education and Industry |  |  | 21 | (7) | 
| 
|  | Application in Product Development |  |  | 21 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Application in Reverse Engineering |  |  | 23 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Application in Casting and Pattern Making |  |  | 24 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Application in Rapid Tooling |  |  | 26 | (1) | 
|  |  | 26 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Application in Rapid Manufacturing |  |  | 27 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Case Study: Fabricating a Prototype Using 3D Printing |  |  | 28 | (2) | 
|  |  | 30 | (4) | 
|  |  | 32 | (1) | 
|  |  | 32 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Principles of Rapid Prototyping |  |  | 34 | (23) | 
| 
|  | Principles of Automated Processes |  |  | 34 | (2) | 
|  |  | 36 | (10) | 
|  |  | 36 | (1) | 
|  |  | 37 | (6) | 
|  |  | 43 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Making or ``Growing'' the Prototype |  |  | 43 | (1) | 
|  |  | 44 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Problems with STL File Format |  |  | 46 | (2) | 
|  |  | 48 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Case Study: Designing and Prototyping a Spur Gear |  |  | 50 | (3) | 
|  |  | 50 | (1) | 
|  |  | 51 | (2) | 
|  |  | 53 | (4) | 
|  |  | 54 | (2) | 
|  |  | 56 | (1) | 
|  |  | 57 | (23) | 
| 
|  | Classification of RP Systems |  |  | 57 | (1) | 
|  |  | 57 | (1) | 
|  |  | 58 | (1) | 
|  |  | 58 | (1) | 
| 
|  | 3D Systems' Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) |  |  | 58 | (14) | 
|  |  | 58 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Details of Stereolithography (``SL'') Process |  |  | 59 | (9) | 
|  |  | 68 | (4) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 72 | (1) | 
|  |  | 72 | (1) | 
| 
|  | D-MEC's Solid Creation System |  |  | 72 | (5) | 
|  |  | 72 | (1) | 
|  |  | 73 | (1) | 
|  |  | 73 | (3) | 
|  |  | 76 | (1) | 
| 
|  | CMET Solid Object UV Laser Plotter |  |  | 77 | (1) | 
|  |  | 77 | (1) | 
|  |  | 77 | (1) | 
|  |  | 77 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 78 | (1) | 
|  |  | 78 | (2) | 
|  |  | 79 | (1) | 
|  |  | 79 | (1) | 
|  |  | 80 | (28) | 
| 
|  | Stratasys' Fused Deposition Modeling Systems |  |  | 80 | (13) | 
|  |  | 80 | (1) | 
|  |  | 81 | (3) | 
|  |  | 84 | (1) | 
|  |  | 85 | (5) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 90 | (2) | 
|  |  | 92 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Helysis Laminated Object Manufacturing System |  |  | 93 | (3) | 
|  |  | 93 | (1) | 
|  |  | 94 | (1) | 
|  |  | 94 | (1) | 
|  |  | 94 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 94 | (1) | 
|  |  | 95 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Solidscape's 3D Printing and Deposition Milling |  |  | 96 | (4) | 
|  |  | 96 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Principles of Solidscape Prototyping |  |  | 96 | (1) | 
|  |  | 96 | (1) | 
|  |  | 97 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 98 | (2) | 
|  |  | 100 | (1) | 
| 
|  | 3D Systems' Multijet Modeling System |  |  | 100 | (2) | 
|  |  | 100 | (1) | 
|  |  | 100 | (1) | 
|  |  | 100 | (1) | 
|  |  | 101 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 101 | (1) | 
|  |  | 102 | (1) | 
| 
|  | KIRA's Selective Adhesive and Hot Pass (SAHP) System |  |  | 102 | (3) | 
|  |  | 102 | (1) | 
|  |  | 102 | (1) | 
|  |  | 102 | (3) | 
|  |  | 105 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 105 | (1) | 
|  |  | 105 | (1) | 
|  |  | 105 | (3) | 
|  |  | 106 | (1) | 
|  |  | 106 | (2) | 
|  |  | 108 | (48) | 
| 
|  | 3D Systems' Selective Laser Sintering |  |  | 108 | (9) | 
|  |  | 108 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Principles of SLS Process |  |  | 108 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Principles of Sinter Bonding |  |  | 109 | (1) | 
|  |  | 110 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Laser Sintering (``LS'') Materials |  |  | 111 | (1) | 
|  |  | 112 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Advantages and Disadvantages |  |  | 114 | (1) | 
|  |  | 115 | (2) | 
| 
|  | MIT's Three-Dimensional Printing |  |  | 117 | (4) | 
|  |  | 117 | (1) | 
|  |  | 118 | (1) | 
|  |  | 119 | (1) | 
|  |  | 120 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Z Corporation's Process (Z406 System) |  |  | 121 | (4) | 
|  |  | 121 | (1) | 
|  |  | 121 | (4) | 
| 
|  | Soligen's Direct Shell Production Casting |  |  | 125 | (8) | 
|  |  | 125 | (2) | 
|  |  | 127 | (1) | 
|  |  | 127 | (2) | 
|  |  | 129 | (2) | 
|  |  | 131 | (2) | 
|  |  | 133 | (1) | 
|  |  | 133 | (1) | 
| 
|  | EOS's Laser Sintering Systems |  |  | 133 | (7) | 
|  |  | 133 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Models and Specifications |  |  | 134 | (5) | 
|  |  | 139 | (1) | 
|  |  | 139 | (1) | 
| 
|  | e-Manufacturing using Laser Sintering |  |  | 140 | (14) | 
|  |  | 140 | (1) | 
|  |  | 141 | (8) | 
|  |  | 149 | (4) | 
| 
|  | e-Manufacturing in a Brief |  |  | 153 | (1) | 
|  |  | 154 | (2) | 
|  |  | 155 | (1) | 
|  |  | 155 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Materials for Rapid Prototyping |  |  | 156 | (43) | 
|  |  | 156 | (6) | 
|  |  | 157 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Chemical Bonding and Structure |  |  | 159 | (3) | 
|  |  | 162 | (15) | 
|  |  | 162 | (6) | 
|  |  | 168 | (5) | 
|  |  | 173 | (3) | 
|  |  | 176 | (1) | 
|  |  | 177 | (4) | 
|  |  | 177 | (1) | 
|  |  | 177 | (4) | 
|  |  | 181 | (5) | 
|  |  | 181 | (2) | 
|  |  | 183 | (2) | 
|  |  | 185 | (1) | 
|  |  | 186 | (8) | 
|  |  | 186 | (4) | 
|  |  | 190 | (3) | 
|  |  | 193 | (1) | 
|  |  | 194 | (1) | 
|  |  | 195 | (4) | 
|  |  | 196 | (1) | 
|  |  | 197 | (2) | 
|  |  | 199 | (44) | 
|  |  | 199 | (2) | 
|  |  | 201 | (8) | 
|  |  | 201 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Contact-Type Measuring Devices |  |  | 202 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Non-Contact-Type Measuring Devices |  |  | 203 | (6) | 
| 
|  | CAD Model Construction from Point Clouds |  |  | 209 | (12) | 
|  |  | 210 | (3) | 
| 
|  | Point Clouds to Surface Model Creation |  |  | 213 | (3) | 
|  |  | 216 | (5) | 
| 
|  | Data-Handling and Reduction Methods |  |  | 221 | (10) | 
|  |  | 221 | (1) | 
|  |  | 222 | (4) | 
| 
|  | Three-Dimensional Grid Methods |  |  | 226 | (5) | 
|  |  | 231 | (3) | 
|  |  | 231 | (2) | 
|  |  | 233 | (1) | 
|  |  | 234 | (5) | 
|  |  | 234 | (1) | 
|  |  | 235 | (2) | 
|  |  | 237 | (2) | 
|  |  | 239 | (4) | 
|  |  | 239 | (2) | 
|  |  | 241 | (2) | 
|  |  | 243 | (26) | 
|  |  | 243 | (1) | 
|  |  | 244 | (12) | 
| 
|  | Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubber Molds |  |  | 246 | (1) | 
|  |  | 247 | (2) | 
|  |  | 249 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Cast Aluminum and Zinc Kirksite Tooling |  |  | 250 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Three-Dimensional Keltool |  |  | 250 | (1) | 
|  |  | 251 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Reaction Injection Molding |  |  | 252 | (1) | 
|  |  | 252 | (1) | 
|  |  | 252 | (1) | 
|  |  | 253 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Rapid Solidification Process |  |  | 253 | (1) | 
|  |  | 254 | (1) | 
|  |  | 254 | (1) | 
|  |  | 255 | (1) | 
|  |  | 256 | (6) | 
| 
|  | Direct ACES Injection Molding Tooling |  |  | 256 | (2) | 
|  |  | 258 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Direct Metal Laser Sintering |  |  | 258 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Selective Laser Sintering RapidSteel |  |  | 259 | (1) | 
|  |  | 260 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Laser Engineered Net Shaping |  |  | 260 | (1) | 
|  |  | 261 | (1) | 
|  |  | 261 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Case Study: Sheet-Metal Forming by RT |  |  | 262 | (5) | 
|  |  | 262 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Stereolithography Process |  |  | 263 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Fused Deposition Modeling |  |  | 265 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Laminated Object Modeling |  |  | 266 | (1) | 
|  |  | 266 | (1) | 
|  |  | 267 | (2) | 
|  |  | 267 | (1) | 
|  |  | 268 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Medical Applications in Rapid Prototyping |  |  | 269 | (19) | 
|  |  | 269 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Medical Applications of RP |  |  | 270 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Presurgical Planning Models |  |  | 270 | (1) | 
|  |  | 270 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Teaching Aids and Simulators |  |  | 270 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Customized Surgical Implants |  |  | 271 | (1) | 
|  |  | 271 | (1) | 
|  |  | 271 | (1) | 
|  |  | 272 | (1) | 
|  |  | 272 | (6) | 
|  |  | 273 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |  |  | 275 | (1) | 
|  |  | 276 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Software for Making Medical Models |  |  | 278 | (4) | 
| 
|  | MIMICS and the CT Modeler System |  |  | 278 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Velocity2 Pro Software by Image3 |  |  | 280 | (1) | 
| 
|  | 3D-Doctor from Able Software |  |  | 281 | (1) | 
|  |  | 281 | (1) | 
|  |  | 282 | (2) | 
|  |  | 284 | (1) | 
|  |  | 284 | (1) | 
|  |  | 285 | (1) | 
|  |  | 285 | (3) | 
|  |  | 286 | (1) | 
|  |  | 287 | (1) | 
|  |  | 288 | (22) | 
| 
|  | Guidelines for Implementation |  |  | 288 | (3) | 
|  |  | 288 | (1) | 
|  |  | 289 | (1) | 
|  |  | 290 | (1) | 
|  |  | 291 | (3) | 
|  |  | 291 | (2) | 
|  |  | 293 | (1) | 
|  |  | 294 | (1) | 
|  |  | 294 | (5) | 
| 
|  | Integrating Technology Within the Company |  |  | 294 | (1) | 
|  |  | 295 | (2) | 
|  |  | 297 | (2) | 
|  |  | 299 | (5) | 
| 
|  | What Is a Service Bureau? |  |  | 300 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Reasons for Using Service Bureaus |  |  | 301 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Factors in Choosing a Service Bureau |  |  | 303 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Rapid Prototyping Consortia |  |  | 304 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Benefits in Consortia Affiliation |  |  | 304 | (1) | 
| 
|  | University-Industry Consortia |  |  | 305 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Industry-Industry Consortia |  |  | 306 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Present and Future Trends |  |  | 306 | (2) | 
|  |  | 308 | (2) | 
|  |  | 309 | (1) | 
|  |  | 309 | (1) | 
|  |  | 310 | (42) | 
| 
|  | Improvement of FDM Process Using Design of Experiment |  |  | 310 | (14) | 
|  |  | 310 | (1) | 
|  |  | 311 | (1) | 
|  |  | 312 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Selection of Build Parameters |  |  | 314 | (1) | 
|  |  | 315 | (3) | 
| 
|  | Results and Analysis of DOE |  |  | 318 | (3) | 
| 
|  | Factor Analysis and Physical Interpretation |  |  | 321 | (3) | 
| 
|  | Conclusions and Recommendations |  |  | 324 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Improvement of Part Accuracy |  |  | 324 | (10) | 
|  |  | 324 | (1) | 
|  |  | 325 | (1) | 
|  |  | 326 | (3) | 
| 
|  | Results and Data Analysis |  |  | 329 | (5) | 
| 
|  | Conclusions and Recommendations |  |  | 334 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Effects of Cryogenic Processing on RP Materials |  |  | 334 | (10) | 
|  |  | 334 | (1) | 
|  |  | 335 | (1) | 
|  |  | 335 | (1) | 
|  |  | 336 | (3) | 
|  |  | 339 | (2) | 
| 
|  | Conclusions and Recommendations |  |  | 341 | (3) | 
|  |  | 344 | (4) | 
| 
|  | Laser Engineered Net Shaping |  |  | 344 | (1) | 
|  |  | 345 | (1) | 
|  |  | 346 | (1) | 
| 
|  | Direct Material Deposition: OPTOMEC |  |  | 346 | (2) | 
|  |  | 348 | (4) | 
|  |  | 349 | (1) | 
|  |  | 350 | (2) | 
| Appendix A: RP Resources |  | 352 | (2) | 
| Appendix B: Worldwide RP System Manufacturers |  | 354 | (4) | 
| Appendix C: Rapid Tooling Technology Suppliers |  | 358 | (3) | 
| Appendix D: RP Software Developers |  | 361 | (2) | 
| Appendix E: RP Material Suppliers |  | 363 | (3) | 
| Glossary |  | 366 | (2) | 
| List of Abbreviations |  | 368 | (5) | 
| Index |  | 373 |  |