| Contributors |
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v | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
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Paracelsus to Parascience: The Dose/Trace Makes the Poison |
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1 | (1) |
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Even Rachel Carson was made of Chemicals: Natural versus Synthetic Chemicals |
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2 | (2) |
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Errors of Omission: Toxicity of Insufficient Micronutrients |
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4 | (2) |
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Damage by Distraction: Regulating Low Hypothetical Risks |
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6 | (5) |
| PART I FUNDAMENTALS |
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Toxicology---The Science of Poison |
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11 | (1) |
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Early Fundamental Developments |
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12 | (1) |
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From Alchemy to the Development of a Pure Science |
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13 | (1) |
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Academic Qualification and the Practical Application of Toxicological Knowledge at the Beginning of the Industrial Age |
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14 | (2) |
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Chemistry and the Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century |
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16 | (2) |
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Substance Effects---Uses and Limits |
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18 | (4) |
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The Scope of Toxicology in Historic Terms |
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22 | (3) |
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Biostatistics in Toxicology |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (2) |
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Biostatistics in Regulatory Toxicology |
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40 | (3) |
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Principles of Toxicokinetics |
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43 | (1) |
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Principal Kinetic Parameters |
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44 | (14) |
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58 | (3) |
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Kinetic Principles of Drug Dosing |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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Variability of Kinetic Parameters |
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69 | (7) |
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Species Differences in Kinetics |
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76 | (7) |
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83 | (1) |
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Classification of Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes |
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84 | (2) |
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Characterization of Individual Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes |
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86 | (18) |
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Factors Influencing Xenobiotic Metabolism |
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104 | (7) |
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Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Oxygen Free Radicals and Nonradical Reactive Oxygen Species |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (3) |
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Biological Effects of Free Radicals |
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117 | (5) |
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Cellular Defence Mechanisms against Free Radicals |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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DNA Alterations Resulting in Genotoxic Effects in Cells |
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129 | (6) |
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Relationship of Genotoxic Damage to Toxicity |
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135 | (2) |
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Genetic Toxicology Testing Strategies and Data Evaluation |
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137 | (1) |
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Cinsiderations for Assay Selection |
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138 | (2) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Extrapolation of Somatic Cell Responses to Germ Cells |
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142 | (1) |
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New Technology and Its Place in Genetic Testing |
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142 | (5) |
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147 | (4) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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Chemical Carcinogens---Structure and Function |
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154 | (12) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (11) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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Relation between Tumor Promoters and Nongenotoxic Carcinogens |
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183 | (1) |
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Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects |
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184 | (4) |
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Tumor Promotion in Specific Organs |
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188 | (25) |
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Testing and Risk Assessment of Tumor Promoters |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (1) |
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General Methods for Development of Transgenic Model Systems |
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218 | (4) |
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Transgenic Models for Mutagenesis |
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222 | (2) |
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Transgenic Models in the Identification of Carcinogens |
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224 | (3) |
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Transgenic Models to Address Other Issues in Toxicology |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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Transcription Factors as the Cellular Targets of Toxins |
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231 | (1) |
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Conditional Cellular Response to a Challenge by a Toxin |
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231 | (10) |
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Consequences of Toxin-Induced Cellular Signaling |
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241 | (4) |
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Mechanisms of Toxicology: Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) |
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Dorothee Charlotte Dartsch |
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245 | (1) |
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Discovery of Programmed Cell Death |
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245 | (1) |
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Programmed Cell Death in Physiological and Pathological Processes |
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246 | (1) |
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Morphology and Biochemistry of Programmed Cell Death |
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247 | (2) |
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Intracellular Apoptosis Pathways |
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249 | (6) |
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255 | (2) |
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Basic Concepts of Combined Action of Chemicals |
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257 | (2) |
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Experimental Approaches for Mixture Studies |
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259 | (2) |
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Examples from the Environment |
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261 | (5) |
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Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (4) |
| PART II ORGAN TOXICITY |
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Morphology and Function of the Liver |
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273 | (3) |
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Classification of Hepatotoxic Substances |
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276 | (3) |
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Manifestations of Liver Injury |
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279 | (18) |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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Biotransformation and Nephrotoxicity |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (25) |
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The Lung as a Target Organ for Inhaled Toxic Materials |
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331 | (2) |
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Physical and Chemical Characterization of Airborne Materials |
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333 | (2) |
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Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract |
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335 | (3) |
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Lung Function Tests and Bronchoalveolar Lavage |
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338 | (1) |
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Uptake and Elimination of Xenobiotics |
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339 | (3) |
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Pathobiology of the Respiratory Tract |
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342 | (4) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (3) |
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Blood and Blood-Forming Organs |
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349 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Hematopoiesis |
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349 | (2) |
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Toxic Actions on the Bone Marrow |
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351 | (2) |
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Toxic Actions on Granulocytes |
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353 | (1) |
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Toxic Actions on Erthrocytes |
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354 | (13) |
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Toxic Actions on Thrombocytes |
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367 | (1) |
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Toxic Actions on Hemostasis |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (4) |
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Basic Functions of the Immune System |
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375 | (22) |
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Examples of Alterations of Immunological Components and Functions |
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397 | (24) |
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Methods for Assessing Effects on the Immune System |
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421 | (13) |
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Predictive Power of Animal Data for Assessing Risk |
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434 | (5) |
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Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere |
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439 | (1) |
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Relevant anatomy and Physiology |
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440 | (3) |
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443 | (2) |
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Percutaneous Absorption and Penetration |
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445 | (5) |
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Experimental Techniques Used to Assess Absorption |
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450 | (5) |
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455 | (4) |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (2) |
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Functions of the Nervous System |
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463 | (1) |
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The Nervous System as a Target for Toxic Chemicals |
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464 | (3) |
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Acute and Chronic Neurotoxic Effects |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity |
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470 | (2) |
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Assessment of Neurotoxicity |
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472 | (7) |
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479 | (12) |
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Reproduction and Development |
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491 | (12) |
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503 | (8) |
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511 | (41) |
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Risk Assessment and Preventive Hazard Minimization |
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552 | (7) |
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Endocrine System---Adrenal Cortex, Thyroid, and Pancreas |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (1) |
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561 | (3) |
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564 | (3) |
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567 | (6) |
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573 | (4) |
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Pathophysiological Impacts on Gastrointestinal Functions |
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577 | (2) |
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Selected Groups of Toxic Substances |
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579 | (1) |
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Tumors in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
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580 | (3) |
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Effects of Food and Luminal Factors |
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583 | (4) |
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587 | (1) |
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587 | (7) |
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594 | (3) |
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Treatment and Conclusions |
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597 | (6) |
| PART III TOXICOLOGY OF COMPOUNDS |
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603 | (1) |
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603 | (21) |
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624 | (21) |
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645 | (1) |
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Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) |
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646 | (1) |
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Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) |
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647 | (3) |
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Tetrachloroethene (Tetrachloroethylene/Perchloroethylene) |
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650 | (1) |
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1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform) and 1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
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651 | (1) |
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Further Examples of Halogenated Solvents |
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652 | (2) |
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) |
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654 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Halogenated Substances |
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654 | (5) |
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659 | (1) |
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Ozone Depletion and Chlorine |
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659 | (1) |
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Physical and Chemical Properties |
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660 | (1) |
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion |
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660 | (1) |
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Acute and Subchronic--Chronic Toxicology |
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660 | (2) |
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Developmental and Genetic Toxicology |
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662 | (1) |
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662 | (1) |
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663 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Pesticide Toxicity |
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663 | (2) |
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Reproductive and Developmental Effects |
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665 | (1) |
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666 | (1) |
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666 | (1) |
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Classification of Pesticides |
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666 | (30) |
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696 | (3) |
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Dioxin and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons and Biphenyls |
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699 | (1) |
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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans |
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699 | (12) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) |
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711 | (18) |
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Aromatic Amines, Nitroarenes, and Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines |
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729 | (5) |
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734 | (2) |
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Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines |
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736 | (7) |
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Occurrence, Chemistry, and Exposure |
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743 | (3) |
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion |
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746 | (1) |
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Metabolism and Mechanisms of Toxicity |
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746 | (1) |
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746 | (1) |
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747 | (1) |
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748 | (4) |
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Acute and Chronic Toxicity |
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752 | (1) |
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752 | (1) |
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753 | (1) |
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753 | (1) |
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Dosage in Long-Term Exposure |
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753 | (2) |
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Principles of Metal Kinetics |
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755 | (1) |
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756 | (4) |
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760 | (6) |
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766 | (6) |
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772 | (3) |
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775 | (12) |
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787 | (3) |
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790 | (3) |
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793 | (3) |
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796 | (4) |
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800 | (5) |
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805 | (1) |
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806 | (5) |
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811 | (1) |
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812 | (8) |
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820 | (2) |
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Hydrazoic Acid (Hydrogen Azide) |
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822 | (1) |
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823 | (5) |
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828 | (5) |
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833 | (1) |
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Concepts in Fiber Toxicology |
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833 | (3) |
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Studies of Synthetic Vitreous Fibers |
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836 | (8) |
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844 | (4) |
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848 | (3) |
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Chemical and Biological Agents |
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851 | (18) |
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869 | (10) |
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Active and Passive Smoking |
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879 | (2) |
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Consumption of Cigarettes |
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881 | (1) |
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Physicochemistry of Tobacco Smoke |
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881 | (11) |
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The Biochemistry of Tobacco Carcinogenesis |
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892 | (2) |
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894 | (1) |
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894 | (1) |
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895 | (4) |
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899 | (1) |
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Cosmetic Safety Regulation |
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899 | (2) |
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901 | (9) |
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Other Cosmetic Product Categories |
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910 | (2) |
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912 | (3) |
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Exposure and Risk Assessment Considerations for Cosmetic Products and Ingredients |
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915 | (1) |
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Ingredient, Toxicology and Product Safety |
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916 | (3) |
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919 | (1) |
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919 | (11) |
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930 | (1) |
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931 | (3) |
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934 | (3) |
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937 | (1) |
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937 | (18) |
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955 | (4) |
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959 | (1) |
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Animal Venoms and Poisons |
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959 | (12) |
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Toxins of Protozoa and Algae |
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971 | (2) |
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973 | (12) |
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985 | (24) |
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1009 | (1) |
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Classification of Bacterial Toxins |
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1009 | (2) |
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Agents That Interact with the Plasma Membrane |
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1011 | (1) |
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Intracellularly Acting Toxins |
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1012 | (15) |
| PART IV APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOLOGY |
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Biomonitoring in Occupational Medicine |
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1027 | (1) |
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Sources of Biological Material |
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1027 | (1) |
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Quality Assurance in the Analytical Laboratory |
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1028 | (2) |
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Reference Values in the Biological Material |
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1030 | (6) |
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Determinants of Susceptibility to Toxic Influences |
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1036 | (5) |
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1041 | (1) |
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Pathways of Exposure Involving Water |
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1041 | (1) |
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By-Products Associated with the Disinfection of Water |
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1042 | (7) |
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1049 | (2) |
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Risk Assessment in Environmental Remediation |
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1051 | (1) |
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History of Environmental Remediation |
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1051 | (1) |
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Risk-Based Remedial Investigations |
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1052 | (5) |
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Risk-Based Cleanup Criteria |
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1057 | (4) |
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Using Risk Assessment to Optimize Remedy Evaluation and Selection |
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1061 | (3) |
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Risk-Based Remediation in Brownfields Redevelopment |
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1064 | (1) |
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Comparing the United States Approaches to Those Used in Other Countries |
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1064 | (1) |
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1065 | (2) |
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1067 | (1) |
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Specific Aspects of Environmental Toxicity |
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1067 | (4) |
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1071 | (3) |
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Pollution of Ecosystem and Fate of Pollutants |
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1074 | (5) |
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Effects of Pollutants---Selected Examples |
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1079 | (4) |
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Methods of Recognizing Ecotoxocity by Pollutants |
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1083 | (4) |
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Food Toxicology: Legal Aspects |
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1087 | (1) |
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1088 | (11) |
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1099 | (4) |
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Food: Compound Related Aspects |
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1103 | (1) |
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Toxins Formed by Microbes |
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1103 | (1) |
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1104 | (1) |
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1105 | (2) |
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1107 | (1) |
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1108 | (1) |
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Treatment and Preparation of Food |
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1109 | (1) |
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Confusion of Food with Toxic Products and Adulterations |
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1110 | (1) |
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Carcinogenic Substances in Food |
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1111 | (5) |
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Toxicological Evaluation Methods for the Registration of Chemicals |
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1116 | (3) |
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Groups of Toxicological Studies |
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1119 | (1) |
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1119 | (9) |
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Extrapolation and Correlation of Animal Data |
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1128 | (1) |
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Risk Assessment and Risk Management |
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1128 | (1) |
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Product Safety and Product Stewardship |
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1129 | (2) |
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1131 | (1) |
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The Three Rs Concept of Russell and Burch |
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1131 | (2) |
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Validation and Valid Methods |
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1133 | (1) |
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Current Use of in Vitro Methods in Toxicology Testing |
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1133 | (1) |
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Where Do in Vitro Methods Fit? |
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1134 | (3) |
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An Integrated in Vitro and in Vivo Testing Strategy |
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1137 | (2) |
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1139 | (1) |
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The Scope of Regulatory Toxicology |
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1140 | (1) |
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Procedural Frameworks of Regulation |
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1141 | (2) |
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Regulatory Influences in Toxicology |
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1143 | (1) |
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Risk Assessment, Characterization, and Management |
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1144 | (3) |
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1147 | (6) |
| PART V RISK ASSESSMENT |
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Risk Assessment and Preventive Hazard Minimization |
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1153 | (2) |
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Toxicological Risk by Human-Made versus Natural Chemicals |
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1155 | (1) |
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Definition of Toxicity, Hazard, and Risk |
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1156 | (1) |
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Toxicological Risk Assessment versus Preventive Hazard Minimization |
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1157 | (4) |
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Pharmacological and Toxicological Principles Relevant to Risk Assessment |
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1161 | (4) |
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Toxicological Risk Assessment from Human Data |
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1165 | (6) |
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Preventive Hazard Minimization from Animal Data |
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1171 | (6) |
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1177 | (3) |
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Special Problems in Certain Fields of Toxicology |
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1180 | (8) |
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Verification of Preclinical Data in Humans |
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1188 | (3) |
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Toxicity Equivalents and Their Use in Hazard and Risk Assessment |
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1191 | (1) |
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Toxicology and Mechanism of Action |
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1191 | (1) |
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Structure-Activity Relationships and Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) |
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1191 | (1) |
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Use of Toxic Equivalency Factors |
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1192 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Toxic Equivalency Factor Approach for Risk Assessment |
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1193 | (8) |
| PART VI APPENDIX |
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Appendix: Threshold Values and Recommendations |
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1201 | (1) |
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1201 | (5) |
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1206 | (1) |
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1206 | (16) |
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1222 | (6) |
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1228 | (1) |
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1229 | (1) |
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1229 | (2) |
| Index |
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1231 | |
Other versions by this Author