| Preface |
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vii | |
| Part One Laying the Groundwork |
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Understanding the Research Process |
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3 | (6) |
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Basic Steps in the Process |
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4 | (1) |
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Some Essential Definitions |
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4 | (2) |
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A More Detailed Look at the Research Process |
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6 | (3) |
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Finding a Topic and Forming a Hypothesis |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Taking Stock of What You Have Found |
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6 | (1) |
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Reading Sources Closely and Taking Notes |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Preparing the Final Version |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (12) |
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Moving from Subject to Topic |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Doing Background Reading or Preliminary Research |
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13 | (1) |
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Tips for Effective Background Reading |
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13 | (1) |
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Brainstorming to Find a Topic |
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14 | (1) |
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Tips for Effective Brainstorming |
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14 | (1) |
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Four Students Find Their Topics |
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15 | (6) |
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Moving from Topic to Thesis |
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21 | (16) |
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21 | (1) |
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Arriving at a Hypothesis by Brainstorming |
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22 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Four Students Form and Revise Their Hypotheses |
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24 | (13) |
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Finding a Hypothesis through Skimming Sources |
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24 | (1) |
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Finding a Hypothesis through Interviewing |
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24 | (1) |
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Finding a Hypothesis through Brainstorming |
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25 | (1) |
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Using Data-Driven Research as a Hypothesis |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (9) |
| Part Two Searching for Sources |
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37 | (9) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (4) |
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39 | (2) |
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Understanding a Catalog Entry |
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41 | (1) |
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Locating Other Materials in the Library |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Using Periodicals and Indexes |
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46 | (12) |
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47 | (1) |
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Accessing Computerized Sources |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Searching Databases Online |
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48 | (1) |
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Locating Print Periodicals |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Indexes to Popular Periodicals |
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50 | (6) |
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The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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The National Newspaper Index |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Indexes to Scholarly and Professional Journal |
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56 | (2) |
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The Humanities Index and the Social Sciences Index |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Using Other Kinds of Sources |
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58 | (11) |
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Other Materials in Your Own Library |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Special Printed Materials |
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60 | (1) |
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Television and Radio Programs |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (8) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (4) |
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Using the Internet for Research |
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69 | (10) |
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70 | (1) |
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The World Wide Web: Gateway to the Internet |
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70 | (1) |
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Connecting with the Internet |
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71 | (1) |
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Getting onto the Web: Browsers |
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71 | (1) |
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Understanding Web Addresses |
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72 | (1) |
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Finding Sources: Search Engines |
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73 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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Some Leading Search Engines |
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76 | (1) |
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Resources for Advanced Internet Users |
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77 | (1) |
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Complete Guides to the Internet and the World Wide Web |
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78 | (1) |
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Planning a Strategy for Web Research |
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79 | (18) |
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80 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Accessing Library Catalogs |
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82 | (1) |
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Organizational and Topical Web Sites |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Evaluating Online Sources |
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85 | (2) |
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A Student Uses the Internet in His Research |
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87 | (10) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
| Part Three Working with Sources |
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Developing a Working Bibliography |
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97 | (9) |
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Setting Up the Working Bibliography |
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97 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Gathering Potential Sources |
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100 | (2) |
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Four Students Gather Their Sources |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (4) |
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Narrowing a Topic That Is Too Broad |
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102 | (2) |
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Revising a Topic That Is Too Narrow |
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104 | (2) |
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Evaluating Potential Sources |
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106 | (9) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Skimming Periodical Articles |
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108 | (1) |
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Taking Notes While Skimming |
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109 | (1) |
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Judging the Usefulness of Sources |
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109 | (5) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Primary versus Secondary Sources |
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112 | (1) |
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Journals versus Newspapers and Magazines |
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113 | (1) |
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Reviewing Your Hypothesis |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (7) |
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Using a Preliminary Outline as a Guide |
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115 | (1) |
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Using a Statement of Purpose as a Guide |
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116 | (1) |
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Practical Aspects of Note-Taking |
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117 | (5) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Entering Information onto Cards |
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118 | (4) |
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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing |
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122 | (23) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (8) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Blending Quotation with Paraphrase |
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130 | (1) |
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Entering Quotations onto Note Cards |
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131 | (4) |
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An Extended Example of Effective Note-Taking |
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135 | (10) |
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Distinguishing Very Useful Information from Not-So-Useful Information |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (14) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Paraphrasing without Plagiarism |
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147 | (12) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (9) |
| Part Four Writing the Paper |
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159 | (11) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (7) |
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165 | (1) |
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The Traditional Outline Format |
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166 | (1) |
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Phrase and Sentence Outlines |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (6) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (4) |
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173 | (1) |
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Making the Draft Your Own |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (19) |
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Reconsidering the Organization |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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Fixing Overly Long Sentences |
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179 | (1) |
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Fixing Overly Short Sentences |
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179 | (1) |
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Fixing Repetitious Sentence Patterns |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Avoiding Slang and Colloquialisms |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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Avoiding Sexist Use of Pronouns |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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Writing the Polished, Final Draft |
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188 | (7) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (6) |
| Part Five Documenting Sources |
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Understanding Documentation Requirements |
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195 | (6) |
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Types of Material That Require Source Notes |
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196 | (3) |
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Opinions, Judgments, Theories, and Personal Explanations |
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197 | (1) |
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``Facts'' Open to Dispute |
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198 | (1) |
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Factual Information Gathered by a Small Number of Observers |
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198 | (1) |
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General Information about Source Notes |
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199 | (1) |
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General Information about the List of Sources |
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200 | (1) |
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Using the MLA Parenthetical System |
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201 | (26) |
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Basic Formats for Parenthetical Notes |
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201 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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Numbered Notes for Special Purposes |
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203 | (1) |
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Variations on the Basic MLA Formats |
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204 | (4) |
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Sources with More Than One Author |
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204 | (1) |
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Two or More Sources for One Note |
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204 | (1) |
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Indirect Source: A Source Quotes Another Writer |
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204 | (1) |
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Reference to an Entire Work |
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205 | (1) |
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Summary of a Chapter or an Essay |
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205 | (1) |
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Quotation from Literary Works |
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206 | (2) |
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Blending Notes into Your Text Smoothly |
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208 | (2) |
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General Guidelines for Listing Sources in Works Cited |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Two or More Sources with Same Author |
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212 | (1) |
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Author of Several Sources Having Different Coauthors |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Government Agency as Author |
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214 | (1) |
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Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Revised or Enlarged Edition |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Sample Entries for Periodicals |
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216 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Article in an Annual, Semiannual, or Quarterly Periodical |
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217 | (1) |
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Article in a Monthly Periodical |
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217 | (1) |
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Article in a Weekly Periodical |
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217 | (1) |
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Article in a Daily Newspaper |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Critical Review of Another Work |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Reprint of a Journal Article |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Sample Entries for Electronic Sources |
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219 | (5) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Scholarly Project or Information Database |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Online Periodical Article |
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221 | (1) |
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Posting to a Discussion Group |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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FTP, Gopher, or Telnet Site |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Article without a URL from an Online Subscription Service |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Sample Entries for Other Material |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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How to Cite Sources of Illustrative Materials |
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225 | (2) |
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Using Other Documentation Systems |
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227 | (24) |
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The Chicago (Endnote/Footnote) System of Documentation |
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227 | (5) |
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Insertion of Numbers within the Text |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Essay in a Book of Essays |
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230 | (1) |
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Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Shortened Form for Second and Further References to Same Source |
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231 | (1) |
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The APA (Author/Year) System of Documentation |
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232 | (9) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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Punctuation and Capitalization of References |
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235 | (1) |
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Basic Format of References |
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236 | (1) |
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Sample List of References for Print Sources |
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237 | (1) |
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References for Electronic Sources |
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238 | (2) |
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Formats for Other Kinds of Sources |
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240 | (1) |
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Abbreviations for Bibliographical Terms |
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241 | (1) |
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The Number System of Documentation |
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241 | (1) |
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Format Preferences for Various Academic Disciplines |
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242 | (9) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
| Part Six Preparing the Manuscript |
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Following Format Requirements |
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251 | (4) |
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251 | (1) |
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Following a Particular Format |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Selecting an Appropriate Font |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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Four Sample Research Papers |
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255 | (68) |
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``The New Immigrants: Assets or Burden?'' |
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256 | (17) |
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``Emily Dickinson's Reluctance to Publish'' |
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273 | (15) |
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``Cotton Mather's Necessary Witches'' |
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288 | (23) |
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``Solenopis invicta: Destroyer of Ecosystems'' |
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311 | (12) |
| Appendix 1 Glossary of Internet Terms |
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323 | (3) |
| Appendix 2 Reference Sources |
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326 | (11) |
| Index |
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337 | |
Other versions by this Author
