Writing Worth Reading : The Critical Process,9780312061012

Writing Worth Reading : The Critical Process

by ;
Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780312061012
ISBN10: 0312061013
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1997-06-01
Publisher(s): Bedford/St. Martin's
List Price: $57.06

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Summary

An unusually practical rhetoric and handbook,Writing Worth Readinghelps students develop the critical thinking, reading, and writing skills necessary for college-level work while it emphasizes the vital connections among them.

Table of Contents

Preface for Instructors v
Introduction for Students xi
PART ONE STEPS TO GOOD THINKING: THE CRITICAL PROCESS 1(58)
The Critical Sense
3(18)
Thinking, Reading, Writing: A Braided Chain
3(2)
Opening the Mind: Clearing Out the Underbrush
5(5)
Shedding Stereotypes
5(1)
Questioning Authority
6(1)
Slowing Down Judgment
7(1)
Acknowledging Complexities
8(1)
Tips for Opening the Mind
9(1)
Exercise for Opening the Mind
9(1)
Evaluating Rhetoric: Seeing Behind the Words
10(11)
Weighing Emotional Appeals
10(3)
Separating Fact from Opinion
13(2)
Uncovering Assumptions
15(1)
Finding the Argument
16(2)
Tips for Evaluating Rhetoric
18(1)
Exercises for Evaluating Rhetoric
18(3)
The Logic of Argument
21(17)
Premises and Inferences: The Path to Conclusions
21(4)
Premises
22(1)
Inferences
23(2)
Induction and Deduction: How We Reason
25(5)
Induction
25(1)
Deduction
26(2)
Enthymemes
28(2)
Facts for Values: Telling is from Ought
30(2)
Problems in Logic: Identifying Logical Fallacies
32(6)
The Undistributed Middle
32(1)
Affirming the Consequent
33(1)
Circular Reasoning
33(1)
Non Sequitur
33(1)
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
34(1)
Ad hominem
34(1)
Tips for the Logic of Argument
35(1)
Exercises for the Logic of Argument
36(2)
Critical Reading
38(21)
A Critical Attitude: Engaging the Text
39(1)
An Overview: Mapping the Text
39(3)
Eight Questions: Evaluating Reading
42(11)
What are they talking about? The Subject
42(1)
Why are they talking about it? The Purpose
42(1)
What's the big idea? The Thesis
43(2)
How do you figure? Main Supporting Points
45(1)
What's behind all this? Assumptions
46(4)
How strong is the support? Evidence
50(1)
So what? The Conclusion
51(1)
Was it all worth it? The Whole Work
52(1)
Evaluating Your Own Writing
52(1)
Case Study: Critical Reading
53(6)
``Why Did Communism Collapse?''
53(1)
Glenn Blackburn
Response by Tom Russo (student)
54(1)
Tips for Critical Reading
55(1)
Exercises for Critical Reading
55(4)
PART TWO FROM START TO FINISH: THE WRITING PROCESS 59(74)
Getting Ready to Write
61(21)
Purpose: The Aims of Writing
62(4)
To Report
63(1)
To Explain
63(1)
To Persuade
64(1)
Tips for Purpose
64(1)
Exercises for Purpose
65(1)
Audience: Is Anyone Out There Listening?
66(3)
Tips for Audience
68(1)
Exercises for Audience
68(1)
Invention: Generating Ideas
69(13)
Brainstorming
70(1)
Freewriting
71(3)
Clustering
74(1)
Designing a Topic Tree
75(1)
Directed Questioning
75(3)
Using a Journal
78(1)
Tips for Invention
79(1)
Exercises for Invention
80(2)
Putting Words on Paper
82(51)
Subject and Thesis: Saying Something
82(9)
The Subject
83(1)
The Thesis
84(5)
Tips for Subject and Thesis
89(1)
Exercises for Subject and Thesis
90(1)
Developing, Organizing, Drafting: Getting the Ideas Written
91(10)
Getting Ready
91(1)
Developing
92(1)
Organizing
93(5)
Drafting
98(2)
Tips for Developing, Organizing, Drafting
100(1)
Exercises for Developing, Organizing, Drafting
101(1)
Revising: Getting the Writing Right
101(5)
The Critical Distance
102(1)
Blowing the Essay to Pieces
103(1)
The Levels of Revision
104(2)
Case Study: A Student's Personal Essay
106(8)
Inventing
107(1)
Developing, Organizing, Drafting
107(2)
Revising
109(3)
``New Meaning for an Old Word,'' Kimberly Corsaro (student)
112(1)
Tips for Revising
113(1)
Exercises for Revising
114(1)
Case Study: Getting Writting from Reading
114(19)
Mapping the Text
114(1)
``Feminism, Stage Three'' Michael Levin
115(8)
Reading and Taking Notes
123(1)
Rereading and Taking More Notes
124(1)
Asking and Answering the Eight Questions
124(2)
Planning the Essay and Selecting Evidence
126(1)
Drafting and Revising
127(1)
``Does Superwoman Want to Fly?'' Larry Boyd (student)
127(4)
Tips for Getting Writting from Reading
131(1)
Exercises for Getting Writing from Reading
132(1)
PART THREE WRITING TO PERSUADE: THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY 133(42)
Using Evidence
135(17)
Expert Testimony: Learning From Those Who Know
136(2)
Statistics and Samples: The Magic of Numbers
138(1)
Examples: Being Specific
139(1)
Personal Experience: What You Know on Your Own
140(1)
Analogy: Showing How Things are Similar
140(1)
Known Facts and Shared Beliefs: What We All Have in Common
141(1)
Reasoning and Logic: Thinking it Through
142(1)
Criteria for Good Evidence: Making Sure
142(2)
Relevance
142(1)
Representativeness
143(1)
Accuracy
143(1)
Detail
143(1)
Adequacy
144(1)
Case Study: Evidence in Action
144(8)
``Black Jurors: Right to Acquit?''
145(4)
Paul Butler
Tips for Using Evidence
149(1)
Exercises for Using Evidence
150(2)
Making the Argument
152(23)
The Basic Moves: Claim, Evidence, Warrant
153(5)
Claim
153(1)
Evidence
154(2)
Warrant
156(2)
Putting the Components Together: Binding the Argument
158(3)
The 1-2-3 Rule
160(1)
Considering the Opposition: Backing, Rebuttal, Concession/Qualification
161(5)
Backing
161(1)
Rebuttal
162(1)
Concession/Qualification
163(1)
Using the Toulmin Model as a Revision Tool
164(1)
The Other Tools of Persuasion
165(1)
Case Study: Argument in Action
166(9)
``In Defense of the Harp Seal Hunt,'' Stephanie Klein (student)
166(4)
Tips for Making the Argument
170(1)
Exercises for Making the Argument
170(5)
PART FOUR THE ART OF THE WRITER: PARAGRAPHS, SENTENCES, WORDS, STYLE 175(152)
The Structure and Strategies of the Paragraph
177(48)
UNITY: A Sense of Togetherness
178(9)
Staying with the Main Point
179(1)
Getting Help from the Topic Sentence
180(4)
A Special Word about the Thesis and the Topic Sentence
184(1)
Reading and Revising for Unity
185(1)
Tips for Unity
185(1)
Exercises for Unity
186(1)
Development: Strategies for Expanding Your Thoughts
187(25)
Tips for Development
190(1)
Exercises for Development
190(1)
Description: Showing It
191(1)
Tips for Description
192(1)
Exercises for Description
192(1)
Narration: Telling It
193(1)
Tips for Narration
194(1)
Exercises for Narration
194(1)
Illustration: Making It Specific
195(2)
Tip for Illustration
197(1)
Exercises for Illustration
197(1)
Process Analysis: Explaning How It Works
197(2)
Tips for Process Analysis
199(1)
Exercises for Process Analysis
199(1)
Cause and Effect: Explaining Why It Happened
200(3)
Tips for Cause and Effect
203(1)
Exercises for Cause and Effect
203(1)
Division and Classification: Putting It in Its Place
204(2)
Tip for Division and Classification
206(1)
Exercises for Division and Classification
206(1)
Comparison and Contrast: Showing Likeness, Showing Difference
207(2)
Tip for Comparison and Contrast
209(1)
Exercises for Comparison and Contrast
209(1)
Definition: Establishing What a Word Means
209(3)
Tips for Definition
212(1)
Exercises for Definition
212(1)
Coherence: Hanging Ideas Together
212(13)
Grouping Related Ideas
213(1)
Accentuating the Important
214(3)
Thoughts Descending a Staircase
217(2)
Something Old, Something New
219(2)
Transitional Words
221(2)
Tips for Coherence
223(1)
Exercises for Coherence
223(2)
From Paragraph to Essay: The Strategies at Work
225(26)
Choosing Strategies: Questioning Your Main Point
225(3)
Tips for Choosing Strategies
227(1)
Exercises for Choosing Strategies
227(1)
Linking Paragraphs: Bonding Fore and Aft
228(2)
Observing Chronology
229(1)
Repeating Words or Ideas
229(1)
Providing an Example
229(1)
Summarizing the Preceding Paragraph
229(1)
Questioning the Previous Paragraph
229(1)
Using Transitional Phrases
230(1)
Shifting to Personal Pronouns and Relative Pronouns
230(1)
Case Study: Illustrating Transitions
230(3)
``Disability''
230(2)
Nancy Mairs
Tips for Linking Paragraphs
232(1)
Exercises for Linking Paragraphs
232(1)
Overarching Strategies: Throughlines
233(3)
Extended Definition
233(1)
Extended Narrative
234(1)
Assertion and Illustrations
235(1)
Case Study: Fusing Many Strategies
236(5)
``Class Acts: America's Changing Middle Class''
236(4)
Ralph Whitehead, Jr.
Tips for Overarching Strategies
240(1)
Exercises for Overarching Strategies
240(1)
Your Opening Paragraph: A Bold Beginning
241(4)
The Shape of the Opening Paragraph
241(1)
The First Sentence
242(1)
Pitfalls to Avoid
243(1)
Tips for Your Opening Paragraph
244(1)
Exercises for Your Opening Paragraph
244(1)
Your Conclusion: Finishing in Style
245(4)
Ending on the Right Note
245(1)
The Larger Implications
246(1)
Pitfalls to Avoid
246(2)
Tips for Your Conclusion
248(1)
Exercises for Your Conclusion
248(1)
The Title: Issuing the Invitation
249(2)
Tips for the Title
250(1)
Exercises for the Title
250(1)
The Sentence from Many Angles
251(34)
Parts of a Sentence: the Basic Thought
252(1)
Modifiers: Enriching the Thought
253(3)
Adding Adjectives and Adverbs
253(1)
Building with Phrases and Clauses
254(1)
Tips for Modifiers
255(1)
Exercises for Modifiers
255(1)
Coordination and Subordination: Shaping the Thought
256(6)
The Simple Sentence
256(1)
Coordination
257(2)
Subordination
259(2)
Tips for Coordination and Subordination
261(1)
Exercises for Coordination and Subordination
261(1)
Emphasis: Strenghthening the Thought
262(6)
Ending with a Bang
262(1)
Opening with a Punch
263(2)
Treating Equal Ideas with Equal Emphasis
265(2)
Tips for Emphasis
267(1)
Exercises for Emphasis
268(1)
Economy: Reducing The Verbiage
268(7)
Excess Weight
268(5)
Wasteful Constructions
273(1)
Tips for Economy
274(1)
Exercises for Economy
274(1)
Vigor: Making Prose Energetic
275(10)
Be Active
276(4)
Prefer People
280(1)
Say It Straight
281(2)
Tips for Vigor
283(1)
Exercises for Vigor
283(2)
Working with Words
285(17)
Writing with Precision: Seeking the Exact Word
286(5)
Connotation and Denotation
286(2)
Using Your Dictionary
288(2)
The Idiom
290(1)
Tips for Writing with Precision
290(1)
Exercises for Writing with Precision
291(1)
An Appropriate Prose: Language that Fits
291(11)
Specific and General
291(2)
Qualifiers
293(1)
Short Words and Long Words
294(2)
Prioritizing Dejargonization
296(1)
Giving Cliches the Kiss of Death
297(1)
The Private Language of Our Crowd
298(1)
Avoiding Sexist Language
298(2)
Tips for Appropriate Prose
300(1)
Exercises for Appropriate Prose
300(2)
Developing Your Own Style
302(25)
Characteristics of Good Style: Best Foot Forward
302(4)
Tips for Characteristics of Good Style
305(1)
Exercises for Characteristics of Good Style
305(1)
The Personal Voice: Being There in Your Writing
306(3)
Tips for Personal Voice
308(1)
Exercise for Personal Voice
308(1)
Tone: The Voice from Deep Within
309(4)
Finding the Right Tone
309(1)
Avoiding the Wrong Tone
310(2)
Tips for Tone
312(1)
Exercises for Tone
312(1)
Writing With Flair: Risks That Pay Off
313(8)
Appeals to the Senses
314(2)
Figurative Language
316(2)
Changing the Pace
318(2)
Tips for Flair
320(1)
Exercises for Flair
321(1)
The High Informal Style: The Right Balance
321(2)
Tips for the High Informal Style
323(1)
Exercises for the High Informal Style
323(1)
Case Study: Revising for Style
323(4)
Essay on Anne Sexton's poetry
324(3)
Courtney Hough
PART FIVE PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: COLLEGE WRITING 327(160)
Doing Research
329(47)
Choosing a General Subject
330(3)
Working with an Assigned Topic
330(1)
Discovering Your Own Topic
331(2)
Compling a Working Bibliography
333(15)
Time Management
333(1)
Using Notecards
334(1)
The Modern Library
335(1)
Primary and Secondary Sources
336(1)
The Reference Section
336(3)
Book Files and Catalogs
339(1)
The Online Catalog
339(2)
Card Catalogs
341(1)
Periodical Catalogs and Guides
342(4)
Other Library Resources
346(1)
Being Your Own Source
347(1)
Using The Internet in Your Research
348(5)
What Kinds of Sources Are Available?
349(1)
Interactive Resources on the Internet: E-mail, Mailing Lists, Newsgroups, and Bulletin Boards
350(1)
Narrowing the Net
350(1)
Browsers, Directories, and Search Engines
351(1)
Let the User Beware: Being Critical about Internet Sources
352(1)
Limiting Your Area of Research
353(1)
Formulating a Tentative Thesis
354(1)
Reading and Taking Notes
355(7)
Recognizing Good Sources
355(1)
Taking Notes
356(6)
Restating Your Thesis
362(1)
Preparing an Outline
363(2)
Writing a First Draft
365(11)
Using Your Evidence
365(5)
Integrating Different Sources
370(2)
Tips for Doing Research
372(1)
Exercises for Doing Research
373(3)
Writing Research
376(50)
Documenting Your Sources
376(24)
Plagiarism
377(4)
The MLA Documentation System
381(10)
Sample Entries for Online Sources
391(2)
Sample Entries for Other Sources
393(1)
Using References in Your Text
394(1)
Common Kinds of Parenthetical References
395(5)
Revising and Writing the Final Draft
400(3)
Case Study: A Sample Research Paper
403(23)
``The Standardized Testing Controversy,''
404(20)
Christina Gerke
Tips for Writing Research
424(1)
Exercises for Writing Research
424(2)
Writing in All Disciplines: The Report
426(17)
Determining Your Scope
427(1)
Getting a Handle on the Subject
428(6)
The Precis
429(1)
The Pentad
430(1)
The Journalistic Method
430(1)
Format for Analyzing Raw Data
431(2)
Division and Classification
433(1)
Cogitating and Reviewing
434(1)
Devising an Organizational Thesis
434(4)
Establishing Chronological Order
435(1)
Indicating Main Divisions
435(1)
Suggesting Recurrent Themes
435(1)
Indicating the Means of Discussion
436(1)
Defining the Subject
436(1)
Establishing the ``Angle''
437(1)
Setting Up a Comparison
437(1)
Choosing the Right Organizational Thesis
438(1)
Getting from Thesis to Outline
438(5)
Parting Shots
439(2)
Tips for the Report
441(1)
Exercises for the Report
441(2)
Reading, Interpreting, and Writing about Literature
443(33)
Reading Literature
444(16)
General Topics in Literature
445(5)
Special topics in Fiction
450(1)
``My First Goose'' Isaac Babel
451(5)
Special Topics in Poetry
456(1)
``Ars Poetica'' Archibald MacLeish
457(3)
Interpreting Literature
460(3)
Responsible Interpretation
460(1)
Bases for Interpretation
461(2)
Case Study: Speculating about a Poem
463(5)
``The Silken Tent''
463(1)
Robert Frost
Freewriting
464(4)
Ines Echevarria
Writing About Literature
468(1)
Case Study: Writing about Fiction
468(8)
Essay on ``My First Goose''
470(3)
Tripti Thomas
Some Do's and Don'ts
473(1)
Tips for Reading, Interpreting, and Writing about Literature
474(1)
Exercises for Reading, Interpreting, and Writing about Literature
474(2)
The In-Class Essay Examination
476(11)
Studying for the Exam
477(1)
Taking the Exam
478(5)
Organizing Your Time
479(1)
Noting Significant Words in the Question
479(2)
Shaping Your Answer
481(1)
Writing Your Answer
481(1)
Adding, Reviewing, Polishing
482(1)
Case Study: An In-Class Essay Examination
483(1)
Essay on American Individualism
483(1)
Jeri Shikuma
Short Answers
484(3)
Tips for the In-Class Essay Examination
485(1)
Exercises for the In-Class Essay Examination
486(1)
PART SIX THE NUTS AND BOLTS: A HANDBOOK OF GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, MECHANICS, AND USAGE 487(76)
Basic Grammar
489(16)
The Parts of Speech and Their Functions
489(11)
Nouns
489(1)
Pronouns
490(3)
Exercises for Pronouns
493(1)
Verbs
493(3)
Exercies of Verbs
496(1)
Adjectives
497(1)
Adverbs
498(1)
Exercise for Adjectives and Adverbs
498(1)
Conjuctions
498(1)
Exercises for Conjunctions
499(1)
Prepositions
499(1)
Exercises for Prepositions
500(1)
Interjections
500(1)
Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences
500(5)
Phrases
500(1)
Clauses
501(1)
Sentences
502(1)
Exercises for Phrases, Caluses, and Sentences
503(2)
Problems in Sentences
505(17)
Subject-Verb Agreement
505(4)
Exercises for Subject-Verb Agreement
509(1)
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
509(2)
Exercises for Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
511(1)
Pronoun Reference
511(4)
Exercise for Pronoun Reference
514(1)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
515(1)
Exercise for Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
515(1)
Sentence Fragments
516(1)
Exercises for Sentence Fragments
516(1)
Modifiers: Misplaced, Squinting, and Dangling
517(2)
Exercise for Modifiers
519(1)
Parallel Construction
519(3)
Exercise for Parallel Construction
521(1)
Punctuation
522(17)
Endings
522(1)
Periods
522(1)
Exclamation Points and Question Marks
523(1)
Commas
523(3)
Exercise for Commas
526(1)
Parentheses and Dashes
526(3)
Parentheses
526(2)
Dashes
528(1)
Exercise for Parentheses and Dashes
528(1)
Semicolons
529(1)
Colons
529(2)
Exercise for Semicolons and Colons
531(1)
Apostrophes
531(3)
Exercises for Apostrophes
534(1)
Punctuation of Quotations
534(2)
Ellipses
536(1)
Other Punctuation
537(2)
Brackets
537(1)
Virgules
537(1)
Exercises for Punctuation
538(1)
Mechanics
539(7)
Abbreviations
539(1)
Capitalization
540(2)
Italics
542(1)
Numbers
543(1)
Hyphens
543(3)
Exercises for Mechanics
545(1)
Glossary of Usage
546(17)
APPENDIXES 563(16)
Bibliography of Internet Reference Guides
565(2)
Other Systems of Documentation
567(6)
The MLA Notes and Bibliography System
567(3)
The American Psychological Association Style
570(3)
Style Manuals and Handbooks in Various Disciplines
573(6)
Index 579

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